Hunahpu and Xbalanque - The Maya Hero Twins

The Hero Twins are famous Mayan semi-gods called Hunahpu and Xbalanque, whose story is narrated in the Popol Vuh (â€Å"The Book of Council†). The Popol Vuh is the sacred text of the Quichà © Maya of the Guatemalan highlands, and it was written during the Early Colonial period, probably between 1554–1556, although the stories within it are clearly much older. The First Hero Twins Hunahpu and Xbalanque are the second Hero Twins in Maya mythology. Like all Mesoamerican cultures, the Maya believed in cyclical time, including periodic cosmic destruction and renovation, called the ages of the world. The first pair of divine hero twins were the Maize Twins, 1 Hunter Hun Hunahpu and 7 Hunter Vuqub Hunahpu, and they lived during the second world. Hun Hunahpu and his twin brother Vucub Hunahpu were invited down into the Maya underworld (Xibalba) to play the Mesoamerican ballgame by the Xibalban lords One and Seven Death. There they fell prey to several trickeries. On the eve of the scheduled game, they were given cigars and torches and told to keep them lit all night without consuming them. They failed in this test, and the penalty for failure was death. The twins were sacrificed and buried, but the head of Hun Hunapu was cut off, and only his body was buried with his younger brother. The Lords of Xibalba placed Hun Hunapus head in the fork of a tree, where it helped the tree bear fruit. Eventually, the head came to look like a calabash—the American domesticated squash. A daughter of one of the lords of Xibalba named Xquic (Blood Moon) came to see the tree and Hun Hunapus head talked to her and spit saliva into the maidens hand, impregnating her. Nine months later, the second Hero Twins were born. The Second Hero Twins In the third world, the second pair of hero twins, Hunahpu and Xbalanque, avenged the first set by defeating the Lords of the Underworld. The names of the second set of Hero Twins have been translated as X-Balan-Que â€Å"Jaguar-Sun† or â€Å"Jaguar-Deer,† and Hunah-Pu, as â€Å"One Blowgunner.† When Hunahpu (One Blowgunner) and Xbalanque (Jaguar Sun) are born, they are treated cruelly by their half-brothers  but make themselves happy by going out every day to hunt birds with their blowguns. After many adventures, the twins are summoned to the underworld. Following in the footsteps of their fathers, Hunahpu and Xbalanque descend the road to Xibalba, but avoid the tricks that captured their fathers. When they are given a torch and cigars to keep alight, they trick the lords by passing off a macaws tail as the glow of a torch, and by putting fireflies at the tips of their cigars. The next day, Hunahpuh and Xbalanque play ball with the Xibalbans, who first try to play with a ball made of a skull covered with crushed bone. An extended game follows, full of trickery on both sides, but the wily twins survive. Dating the Hero Twins Myth In prehistoric sculptures and paintings, the Hero Twins arent identical twins. The older twin (Hunahpuh) is depicted as larger than his younger twin, right-handed and masculine, with black spots on his right cheek, shoulder and arms. The sun and pronghorn antlers are Hunahpuhs main symbols, although often both twins wear deer symbols. The younger twin (Xbalanque) is smaller, left-handed and often with a feminine guise, with the moon and rabbits his symbols. Xbalanque has patches of jaguar skin on his face and body. Although the Popol Vuh dates to the Colonial period, the Hero Twins have been identified on painted vessels, monuments, and cave walls dating to the Classic and Preclassic period, as early as 1000 BCE. The names of the Hero Twins are also present in the Maya calendar as day signs. This further indicates the importance and antiquity of the myth of the Hero Twins, whose origins date back to the earliest period of Maya history. Hero Twins in the Americas In the Popol Vuh myth, before avenging the fates of the first twins, the two brothers have to kill a bird-demon called Vucub-Caquix. This episode is apparently portrayed in a stela at the early site of Izapa, in Chiapas. Here a couple of young men are portrayed shooting a bird-monster descending from a tree with their blowgun. This image is very similar to the one narrated in the Popol Vuh. The myth of divine hero-twins is known in most Native American traditions. They are present in myths and tales both as legendary ancestors, and heroes that need to overcome various trials. Death and rebirth are suggested by many of the hero-twins appearing in the form of men-fish. Many Mesoamerican Indians believed that gods catch fish, human embryos floating in a mythical lake. The Hero Twin myth was part of a suite of ideas and artifacts that arrived in the American southwest from the gulf coast beginning about 800 CE. Scholars have noted that the Maya Hero Twin myth appears in southwestern United States Mimbres pottery about that time. Updated by K. Kris Hirst Sources Boskovic, Aleksandar. The Meaning of Maya Myths. Anthropos 84.1/3 (1989): 203–12. Print.Gilman, Patricia, Marc Thompson, and Kristina Wyckoff. Ritual Change and the Distant: Mesoamerican Iconography, Scarlet Macaws, and Great Kivas in the Mimbres Region of Southwestern New Mexico. American Antiquity 79.1 (2014): 90–107. Print.Knapp, Bettina L. The Popol Vuh: Primordial Mother Participates in the Creation. Confluencia 12.2 (1997): 31–48. Print.Miller, Mary E., and Karl Taube. An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. London: Thames and Hudson, 1997. Print.Sharer, Robert J. The Ancient Maya. 6th ed. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2006. Print.Tedlock, Dennis. How to Drink Chocolate from a Skull at a Wedding Banquet. RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics 42 (2002): 166–79. Print.---. The Popol Vuh: Definitive Edition of the Maya Book of the Dawn of Life and the Glories of Gods and Kings. 2nd ed. New York: To uchstone, 1996. Print.

Essay on Confirming Alzehimers Disease - 733 Words

Running head: Confirming Alzheimer’s Disease Confirming Alzheimer’s Disease Carissa Davis Walden University Diagnosis and Assessments 6720 Confirming Alzheimer’s Disease The Forgetful Mail Carrier Han’s is a 66 year old retired government worker that has been dealing with issues related to his memory. Han’s retired at the age of 60 because he could no longer perform his duties at work properly. The problems with his work performance had been an issue for five years before his retirement. At the age of 62, he could not remember the way home while leading a hike in an area he was familiar with and knew well. Over time his memory problems have become more noticeable and he even has failed to recognize good friends. He†¦show more content†¦The fact that his memory failure required him to retire early shows a significant impairment in occupational functioning. Han not recognizing his close friends and giving up hobbies shows a significant impairment in social function. There are standardized published rating scales that can be used to measure the severity of impairment (APA, 2000). Criteria D requires cognitive deficits in A1 and A2 are not caused by other central nervous system conditions (1), systemic conditions that are known to cause dementia (2) or substance induced conditions (3). The information that I have would lead me to believe that this clients condition is not related one, two or three of criteria D. Criteria E requires that the deficits do not occur exclusively during the course of delirium, which they do not (APA). Criteria F requires the disturbance not to better accounted for by another disorder (APA). This is an area that I felt another disorder might need to be considered. The fact that Han has begun to speak less and less, given up his hobbies, has not interest in the newspaper or televisions could be cause to diagnosis him with Major Depressive Disorder due to Alzheimer’s with depressive features, 293.83 (APA). This could be listed along with 294.10 Dementia of the Alzheimer’s type with early onset. The early onset needs to be the specify subtype because is me mory failure began before the age of 65. Counseling There is no treatment

Outline Of Mobile Jammer

Question: Explain Outline Of Mobile Jammer? Answer: Introduction: Mobile phone jammers, which is operated by mobile users are planned to purposely interfere. Generally, in Australia, jammers are available for many of the radiofrequency bands. Mobile phone jammer prevents the communication at same frequency by transmitting the interference signal. The project is worked by a particular system defined as active denial of service jamming. By this system a loud interference signal is radiated continuously in to the space area. The jammers include the bandwidth devices in a band. Some of them are also able to interfere in bands. In short, mobile jammers are those devices who create temporary dead zone. It is also called a Denial-of-service attack. Components of the jamming device: Main components of device are: Power supply Under Circuitry the important components are as follows: Tuning circuit RE amplification Voltage-controlled oscillator Noise generator Function of the mobile jammers: Mobile jammer sends the same radio frequency by which the mobiles can operate. A noise generator is used to check the signals to measure the noise, frequency response, and other parameters. There are two types of jammer (Mortazavi et al. 2013). Among them, the first type can block the signals which come from the mobile towers to different phones. The second type is generally larger in size than the first type. It can block the transmission from the satellite to the towers. Issues of mobile jammer: Though this is well-developed system still it has many issues which are legal. Such as: In many countries Mobile jammers are mainly illegal. It causes the safety hazard. In India jammers have been installed in parliament and prisons. The Indian government, prisons, religious areas, many institutions use jammers. Effect of mobile jammer: People can face many risks after using the mobile jammers. In some emergency case, to call the police, the fire department, ambulance, mobile jammer system barred the outgoing or incoming call facilities. For this a dangerous situation can be diverted into a huge complicated situation. Nowadays jammers are used in mobile phone. Beside this some of the other devices also use the jammer system. The phones, which are using jammers have move the operation or may have to make the devices reset. So if the phones have been jammed on a particular side of a town in the mean time on the other side of the town the jammers may not be working. Some important calls or messages of some V.I.P cases can be barred by this system. In some professional case people use tablets, PDAs for professional purpose. Mobile jammer interrupts their operations. Solution of mobile jammer: To overcome the problems of mobile jammer some ANTI JAMMER solutions can be used which. Anti jamming, is a process of escaping the jamming attacks? One of the techniques to prevent jammers is using an alternate frequency channel. As per (Mishra, 2009) in which a smart meter is used with some other sequential channel, which is already used. In this type of anti jammer technique it first asks the node for the verification and then permits the gadget to communicate. After the verification part, using the users public key a sequential encrypted channel is send by the smart meter. The gadget finally can accept theinformation after decrypting users private key. In this way the communication channel of the gadget can be secured. Advantages of mobile jammer: Using mobile jammer the laws can be maintained to maintain peace. Mobile jammers are useful for the naxal-feared areas. Mobile jammers provide high security to the V.I.P people from any type of danger. Mobile jammers are also useful for the vehicles to beat with the accidents (Pintea Pop, 2014). Mobile jammers work for both networks like CDMA and GSM. Disadvantages of mobile jammer: It is very cost oriented Mobile jammers need well-developed hardware. In case of V.I.P people, they may miss out the important calls. Conclusion: Every technology which is invented has some bad side in spite of having many good sides. But the import matter is that how user is using it. It is a very useful technology to protect the societies from the anti-social cases. References: Mishra, N. K. (2009, December). Development of GSM900 mobile jammer: an approach to overcome existing limitation of jammer. InWireless Communication and Sensor Networks (WCSN), 2009 Fifth IEEE Conference on(pp. 1-4). IEEE. Mortazavi, S. M. J., Parsanezhad, M. E., Kazempour, M., Ghahramani, P., Mortazavi, A. R., Davari, M. (2013). Male reproductive health under threat: Short term exposure to radiofrequency radiations emitted by common mobile jammers.Journal of human reproductive sciences,6(2), 124. Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA), Australia. (2010). Review of the Mobile Phone Jammer Prohibition. Pintea, C. M., Pop, P. C. (2014, January). Sensitive ants for denial jamming attack on wireless sensor network. InInternational Joint Conference SOCO13-CISIS13-ICEUTE13(pp. 409-418). Springer International Publishing.

Pat Conroy Essays - Pat Conroy, Pat, Conroy,

Pat Conroy Pat Conroy was an author who grew up in South Carolina. His works were influenced by his life and experiences which occurred from when he was young to the present time. He attended Beaufred High School with a good buddy,Bruce Harper. They did many things together from playing golf to swimming. It seemed as though he was very close to his mother,Peggy as he talked about her much more than he mentioned his father. He told about things she enjoyed such as living near the shore to collect seashells and her fear of hurricanes.She was not much into socializing with other people,but never felt isolated due to the flow of humanity which occurred at the golf course they lived next to. Pat's first trip to Fripp Island, on the shoulder of the Atlantic Ocean, was during the summer of his 15th year. Marine Kernel and his son took him on a fishing trip there. Pat's mother died in 1984 while living in Fripp. The views of the sea, waves,and light all symbolized his mother. He felt that nature was a way of approaching god.He bought a house on the lagoon to observe wildlife which influenced his writing.He wrote about the salty marsh, the beach, and animals. He always tries to inhabit the soul of things before writing about them and as a result the way he has lived pays off in his success today.