Comparing Juan Preciado and Father Renteria in Juan Rulfo’s Pedro Param

In each persuasive novel, there are clear characters that apply certain perspectives to the account to show significance of key parts of the story. In Juan Rulfo’s Pedro Paramo, the case is the same in that particular characters convey a significance to the whole part of the story. The characters in the novel that have extraordinary significance are Juan Preciado and Father Renteria. These two characters represent more prominent things that can't simply be obviously taken note. Juan Preciado is significantly significant for the reality of that he is the primary character presented in the novel and he is the character that from the outset doesn’t acknowledge he is dead. Likewise, Juan Preciado resembles that of the peruser in that he is in no spot to recognize his situation in his life or in the perusers case, the story. Father Renteria is a character that the individuals of Comala look to for insight and absolution since he is the God like figure in the novel Pedro Para mo. The character Juan Preciado is the primary character the peruser happens upon while perusing the novel. Juan Preciado is the child of Pedro Paramo and has quite recently gone to the place that is known for the dead also called Comala in the novel Pedro Paramo. â€Å"I came to Comala in light of the fact that I had been informed that my dad, a man named Pedro Paramo, lived there† (3). Juan Rulfo utilizes Juan Preciado similarly the peruser is new to the content of the account. Juan Preciado’s relationship to Comala is the equivalent to the readers’ relationship to the content for the explanation being that the story is an excursion wherein both peruser and character are continually wobbly. Juan Preciado and the peruser don’t comprehend first and foremost that Comala is a town loaded up with dead spirits yet inevitably, pieces of information emerge that lead to the end that e... ...s. Father Renteria had lost all confidence in his religion and himself. As though he had bombed a test, he says, Okay Lord, you win(26). Father Renteria speaks to the consistent battle an individual needs to keep up close to home trustworthiness against outside defilement and individual indecencies which implies that he is continually enticed to foul up things and some of the time succumbs to them. Juan Rulfo makes Father Renteria an important advantage for Pedro Paramo in light of the fact that in Comala everybody is dead and they are on the whole holding back to either get absolution to go to paradise or take the contrary course and Father Renteria is an integral factor for the individuals of Comala. To finish up, Juan Preciado and Father Renteria have noteworthy jobs in the novel Pedro Paramo by Juan Rulfo. They are fundamental resources for the account in that Preciado is a lot of like the peruser and Renteria is the God like figure in Comala.

Climate Change And The Disaster Environmental Sciences Essay

Environmental Change And The Disaster Environmental Sciences Essay Environmental change and the debacle of the earth have driven the planet in a urgent state. In spite of the fact that it is irreversible, nations everywhere throughout the world have entered a course of moderating this catastrophe. In this article we are going to discuss how Hamburg, perhaps the biggest city in Europe and one of the biggest and busiest ports around the world, have figured out how to illuminate in a major rate, paying little heed to its huge populace, issues, among others, similar to decrease of CO2 emanations and the executives of waste removal and distribution. We are likewise going to see one natural issue that hasnt been understood at this point and we will investigate the different effects of this just as what Hamburg is intending to do about it in the future.2 The city of Hamburg and the significance of its port The Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg is a city state and the second biggest city in Germany with 1,7 million of occupants. It is a social and a business place for Northern Germany, its metropolitan area comprising of roughly 4 million individuals. Hamburg metropolitan zone is equivalent to 755,3 km2 and grasps 14 areas around the City of Hamburg.(HPA,2011) It is the third greatest modern zone In Germany after Ruhr and Berlin, with business identified with airplane and boat building industry, car industry and mineral oil preparing. Anyway the most elevated significance is the business that is identified with the harbor and every one of its exercises. The port of Hamburg is the biggest port in Germany, the third biggest port in Europe and one of the ten biggest ports around the world. Just the port without anyone else utilizes around 75,000 individuals and in excess of 133,000 occupations are straightforwardly or in a roundabout way identified with the port because of its high significance as it is one of the most significant exchanging focuses Northern Europe. With respect to this explanation Hamburg manageability has gotten extremely topical as ecological security has transformed into a central point for business choices. 3 Environmental issues settled 3.1 Reduction of CO2 discharges Hamburg has gone excessively far examining and looking into new strategies for contributing in the relief of environmental change. One significant issue that has been illuminated at an extensive rate is the decrease of CO2 discharges. The endeavors are extraordinary considering the size of vitality request, the citys populace and the ports traffic. The administration itself has gone into an ECO-organization with the business segment, urging organizations to go past legal prerequisites in regards to CO2 discharges. With respect to the port, Hamburg has built up the Automated holder taxis which in truth wipes out the transportation of compartments by means of trucks and rather holders are shipped from one terminal to the next, through significant distance railroad. (New European Economy, 2012) In the city, again Hamburg gives the model, having numerous cleaner methods for transportation for short and long ranges. Not just the universes greatest armada of hydrogen-fuelled transports, yet additionally an elite bike organize exists in the city, with extra bicycle paths and cycle-employ plans. (European Union, 2011) To wrap things up Hamburg has in numerous spots around the city warming plants which give locale warming. This framework creates and gives warming to certain locale utilizing, as essential vitality utilization sustainable power source, for example, sun based vitality, wind vitality and biomass, joined with petroleum products. All these hugy affect the earth and individuals since it has an extensive decrease in CO2 discharges, incredible clamor decrease, less requirement for petroleum derivative utilization, so implies, a more beneficial and greener lifestyle. 3.2 Waste water the executives Feasible waste water the executives has been a top need is Hamburg for over 10 years. Chiefly the Public Sewage Company HSE yet in addition different associations have contributed a lot of cash with the goal that Hamburg will arrive at a good level of avoidance of waste water to go to lakes and conduits. The key issues that were accomplished were the capacity of waste water in tanks, the treatment of waste water, which really is the parchedness of the waste water, the partition of alkali in the waste water (de nitrification) and the vitality creation from the isolated muck. Particularly in the vitality creation from the slop, HSE has worked admirably, preparing all the treatment plants with another chain procedure which abuses vitality coming about because of the treated ooze. So because of this sewage gases are changed to electric vitality, further diminishing CO2 outflows that expressed previously. (European Union, 2011) C:UsersPanosDocumentsenviromental designing Sources2012_04_26_Abb Konzept mit Garrest_eng_skaliert.jpg Additionally there is an idea to come into power from the HWC organization sooner rather than later that will be an incredible development. As indicated by that idea each living arrangement will have the option to oversee, treat, and reuse the waste water removal and furthermore convert it to vitality. The entirety of the above have accordingly the production of a superior situation for the widely varied vegetation in the lakes and conduits, the reusing of the dissipated water which comes as far as downpour and the expansion in the oxygen ejection. 4 Issue that has not been at this point illuminated Since there isnt any city, state or nation on the planet that has tackled all the ecological issues, same goes for Hamburg that has one basic natural issue that inconveniences researchers and specialists for long time now and that goes with stream Elbe. Because of Hamburgs area and geography there is a requirement for digging of aggregating dregs. Since 1990s, it was concluded that the extending of waterway Elbe was a basic issue since it was discovered that the silt were exceptionally debased and they should have been treated before they could go into removal. 4.1 River Elbe Waterway Elbe is the third biggest stream in Central Europe after Danube and Rhine and as far as length it covers a separation of 1091 km (727 km in Germany, 364 km in Czech Republic). Its catchment zone experiences Prague, Dresden, Berlin and Hamburg. Particularly around the city of Hamburg, where the port of Hamburg is apportioned, stream Elbe is affected by the tide. 4.2 Environmental issues on River Elbe As we referenced before stream Elbe is impacted by the tide. This has therefore to have a few silt remaining at the base of the waterway, and following that, the degree of the seabed of the stream is ascending through time. So as to continue the exchange of the harbor by having free entry to ships, just as keeping the harbor completely operational, the profundity of stream Elbe and consequently the profundity of route should have been guaranteed. Steady digging was the response to the issue to accomplish that profundity. Toward the start of the thought, the residue that were dug from waterway Elbe were utilized again for farming. Anyway it was discovered that the dug assumptions were defiled with substantial metals (As, Cd, Hg, Zn) and natural contaminants (PCB, Dioxins, PAHs) which had incredible negative effects on the earth (Heise, 2005). This contamination was a consequence of upstream mechanical exercises in the previous GDR (German Democratic Republic) and Czech Republic, for e xample, pharmaceutical, synthetic compounds from mining, mash and paper, and cowhide preparing ventures (Netzband et al., 2002). Until 2000 there were a few estimates that were taken so as to diminish this pollution, for example, the treatment of the dug residue. This framework was aparted from two segments. The principal area was the pre-treatment which was the partition of the residue into sand and defiled sediment division, and the principle treatment was the dewatering procedure followed by the ecologically sheltered removal of the sediment. The two medicines were completed by one huge scope plant named METHA (Netzband, 2002). Since 2000 the silt have been expanding 3 to 4 million m3 for every year (HPA, 2005b). This is vital to Hamburg and its condition on the grounds that from one point the silt must be dug all the more rapidly, because of the present needs of the harbor region and from another point the limit of METHA has just been surpassed. As it is justifiable the ceaselessly digging of waterway Elbe annihilates its morphological condition, and from at the piece of the toxins we as of now have an abatement in oxygen, joined with the presence of contaminants we have a dynamic demolition of the earth. Particularly the late spring the oxygen exhaustion of stream Elbe is incredible which brings about an enormous number of fish executes. 4.3 Possible arrangements In spite of the fact that the digging of waterway Elbe is an issue that inconveniences specialists for more than two decades, the effects are not irreversible. Since the purpose behind extending waterway Elbe is exclusively money related, it is proposed by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, that a subsequent port ought to be opened as a profound water port, situated at Wilhelmshaven and going about as a center (HA, 2004a). This is perhaps the best thought in the event that it will be monetarily bolstered, with the goal that the need of 24 hour route on waterway Elbe, paying little mind to the tide, will be wiped out just as the requirement for digging. Aside from that, the European WFD (Water Framework Directive) executes new quality gauges for synthetic concoctions utilized in horticulture.

Blog Archive Beyond the MBA Classroom Parody and Performance at HBS

Blog Archive Beyond the MBA Classroom Parody and Performance at HBS When you select an MBA program, you are not just choosing your learning environment, but are also committing to becoming part of a community. Each Thursday, we offer a window into life “beyond the MBA classroom” at a top business school. First presented in 1974, the HBS Show is a popular student-run comedy production that follows in the tradition of Harvard College’s Hasty Pudding Show and Harvard Law School’s Parody. This extremely well-attended show is a major production that pokes fun at life at Harvard Business School, incorporating jokingâ€"but good-naturedâ€"references to case protagonists, professors, administrators and the recruiting process. A spouse of one HBS student who helped organize the 2012 production wrote in her blog, “It was a great outlet for business school students to roast their own schoolâ€"the whole performance was based on The Godfather but with a zillion HBS inside jokes thrown in.” Featured among the HBS Show film productions in 2013 was a parody of Mean Girls titled “Mean Boys Girls,” which depicted humorous “cliques” of business school students. For in-depth descriptions of social and community activities at HBS and 15 other top MBA programs, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Beyond the MBA Classroom Harvard University (Harvard Business School)

GRE vs. LSAT Which Test to Take for Law School Admissions

For decades, law school applicants had no choice but to take the LSAT for law school admissions. Then, in 2016, the University of Arizona announced that it would permit law school applicants to submit the GRE instead of the LSAT. Harvard Law School followed suit, and today, 47 U.S. law schools accept the GRE. These law schools believe that by accepting both LSAT and GRE scores, they will attract a larger and more diverse applicant pool. Since many students have already taken the GRE, the GRE option will make law school admissions more affordable and accessible to prospective students.   If youre applying to law school, think carefully about your testing options before signing up for either the LSAT or the GRE. Its important to understand the differences between the two tests, as well as the pros and cons of both options in the law school admissions process. LSAT vs. GRE How different are these two exams? One of the most significant differences is accessibility. The GRE can be taken nearly every day of the year, while the LSAT is administered seven times per year. In addition, the GREs content will likely feel familiar for students who took the SAT or ACT, whereas the LSATs logical reasoning and logic games (analytical reasoning) sections are unlike other standardized tests. Here are the most important facts to know: LSAT vs. GRE LSAT GRE Content and Structure 2 35-minute Logical Reasoning sections1 35-minute Reading Comprehension section1 35-minute Analytical Reasoning section1 35-minute unscored experimental section1 35-minute writing section (completed independently after test day) 1 60-minute Analytical Writing section2 30-minute Verbal Reasoning sections2 35-minute Quantitative Reasoning sections1 30- or 35-minute unscored Verbal or Quantitative section (computer-based test only) When It's Offered 7 times per year Year-round, almost every day of the year Testing Time 3 hours and 35 minutes, with one 15 minute break 3 hours and 45 minutes, including an optional 10-minute break Scoring Total score ranges from 120 to 180 in 1-point increments. The Quantitative and Verbal sections are scored separately. Both range from 130-170 in 1-point increments. Cost and Fees $180 for the test; to send score reports, $185 flat fee and $35 per school $205 for the test; to send score reports, $27 per school Score Validity 5 years 5 years How to Decide Which Test to Take Not sure whether to take the LSAT or the GRE? Here are some factors to consider. Admissions Chances Available data is limited, so the jury is still out on whether taking the GRE helps or hurts your admissions chances. In general, the law schools that do accept both tests agree that the GRE and the LSAT are equally good predictors of your ability to succeed in law school, so you should feel confident applying with either exam. The GRE is still a much less common choice for law school applicants, and students who take the GRE should be sure to demonstrate their commitment to law school in their application. Cost and Accessibility The GRE is offered much more frequently than the LSAT, and it costs slightly less. If youve taken the GRE already for a different program, you can send those scores to law schools without having to take another exam (as long as your GRE score is still valid). Flexibility If youre interested in applying to law school as well as other graduate programs, the GRE is in some ways a more flexible option. You can send it to all the different types of programs youre considering, and you only have to pay (and prep) for one exam. On the other hand, taking the GRE limits the pool of law schools that will accept your application, and you must make sure that you are happy with those law school options. Rules Against Score Substitutions Keep in mind that you cannot substitute the GRE for the LSAT. If youve already taken the LSAT and werent pleased with your score, you cant submit a GRE score in its place. Every law school that accepts both exams explicitly states that if you have taken the LSAT (and your score is still valid), you must report the score. So, if youve already taken the LSAT, and you arent applying to any other types of graduate program, then there is no reason to take the GRE. Law Schools That Accept the GRE American University Washington College of LawBoston University School of LawBrigham Young University J. Reuben Clark Law SchoolBrooklyn Law SchoolCalifornia Western School of LawChicago-Kent College of LawColumbia Law SchoolCornell Law SchoolFlorida International University College of LawFlorida State University College of LawGeorge Mason University Antonin Scalia Law SchoolGeorgetown University Law CenterHarvard Law SchoolJohn Marshall Law SchoolMassachusetts School of Law at AndoverNew York University School of LawNorthwestern University Pritzker School of LawPace University Elisabeth Haub School of LawPennsylvania State University — Penn State LawPepperdine School of LawSeattle University School of LawSouthern Methodist University Dedman School of LawSt. Johns University School of LawSuffolk University Law SchoolTexas AM University School of LawUniversity at Buffalo School of LawUniversity of Akron Law SchoolUniversity of Arizona James E. Rogers College of LawUniversity of California, Davis, School of LawUniversity of California, Irvine School of LawUniversity of California, Los Angeles School of LawUniversity of Chicago Law SchoolUniversity of Dayton School of LawUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa William S. Richardson School of LawUniversity of Montana Alexander Blewett III School of LawUniversity of New Hampshire School of LawUniversity of Notre Dame Law SchoolUniversity of Pennsylvania Law SchoolUniversity of Southern California, Gould School of LawUniversity of South Carolina School of LawUniversity of Texas at Austin School of LawUniversity of Virginia School of LawWake Forest University School of LawWashington University School of LawYale Law SchoolYeshiva University Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law

How To Use Adverbial Phrases in Spanish

Native Spanish speakers often prefer phrases that act like adverbs over the corresponding adverbs themselves. Using Phrases That Function as Adverbs Heres why:  Adverbs can often be formed in Spanish by adding -mente to many adjectives, just as -ly can be used to form adverbs in English. But the creation of adverbs using -mente has its limits. For one, there are plenty of times where one needs an adverb (a word that modifies a  verb,  adjective, other adverb or an entire sentence) when theres no adjective that will do as a root word. Also, sometimes for no apparent reason, some adjectives in Spanish simply arent combined with -mente. Finally, many Spanish speakers  tend to frown on the use of several -mente adverbs in one sentence, especially in writing. The solution is one that is also used in English: use of an adverbial or prepositional phrase. These phrases are typically formed by using a preposition and a noun, sometimes including an article. For example, we might say anduvo a la izquierda for he walked leftward or he walked to the left. In that case, a la izquierda and to the left are adverbial phrases. The difference is that in Spanish, there is no one-word adverb that can be used. Adverbial phrases seem to be more common in Spanish than in English. In many cases, the same thought can be expressed using either an adverb or an adverbial phrase. Spanish tends to prefer the phrase, while English tends to prefer the simple adverb, even though both are grammatically correct. For example, it is possible to say either ciegamente or a ciegas for blindly or in a blind manner. But Spanish more often uses the phrase, English the one word. Even so, in most cases there is no practical difference in meaning between a -mente adverb and a corresponding adverbial phrase, so they are freely interchangeable. In many contexts theres no distinguishable difference, for example, between perfectamente (perfectly) and sin errores (without mistakes). What can be particularly confusing for Spanish students who have English as a first language is that the two languages frequently have similar phrases that use different prepositions. For example, the phrase for on horseback is a caballo, not the en caballo you might expect if translating the English on literally. Similarly, the phrase for kneeling or on the knees is de rodillas, not the en rodillas that might seem logical. Common Adverbial Phrases Spanish has countless adverbial phrases. Here are some of the most common, as well as some that are included simply because theyre interesting or could be confusing for the beginner, or because they provide examples of alternative ways to translate English adverbs: a bordo — on boarda caballo — on horsebacka carrera abierta — at full speeda chorros — abundantlya conciencia — conscientiouslya continuacià ³n — right afterwarda destiempo — inopportunely, at a bad timea empujones — pushingly, intermittentlya escondidas — covertly, secretlya gatas — on hands and kneesa la derecha — rightwarda la fuerza — necessarilya la izquierda — leftwarda la larga — in the long runa las claras — clearlyal fin — finallyal alimà ³n  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  jointly, togethera lo loco  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  like a crazy persona mano — by hand, manuallya mà ¡quina — by machinea matacaballo — at breakneck speeda menudo — frequentlyante todo — primarilya pie — on foota quemarropa  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  at point-blank rangea regaà ±adientes — unwillinglya sabiendas — knowinglya saltos — jumpinga solas — alonea tie mpo — on time, in timea todas horas — continuallya veces — sometimesbajo control — under controlbajo cuerda — underhandedlycon ansiedad —  anxiouslycon audacia — daringlycon bien — safelycon cuentagotas — stingilycon esperanza — hopefullycon frecuencia — frequentlycon prisa — hurriedlycon valor — courageouslyde buena gana — willinglyde continuo — continuouslyde costumbre — customarilyde frente — head-onde golpe — suddenlyde improviso — unexpectedlyde inmediato  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  immediatelyde locura — foolishlyde mala gana — unwillinglyde memoria — by memorydentro de poco — shortlyde nuevo — again, anewde ordinario — ordinarilyde pronto — suddenlyde puntillas — on tiptoede repente — suddenlyde rodillas — kneelingde seguro — certainlyde veras — trulyde verdad — trut hfullyde vez en cuando — occasionallyen balde — pointlesslyen broma — jokinglyen cambio — on the other handen confianza — confidentiallyen la actualidad — presently, nowen particular — particularlyen secreto — secretlyen seguida — immediatelyen serio — seriouslyen vano  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  vainlyen voz alta — loudly (said of speaking)en voz baja — softly (said of speaking)por ahora  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  for nowpor cierto — certainlypor consiguiente — consequentlypor fin — finallypor la puerta grande  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  in grand stylepor lo contrario — on the contrarypor lo general — generallypor lo regular  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  regularlypor lo visto — apparentlypor suerte — luckilypor supuesto — of coursepor todas partes — everywheresin empacho — uninhibitedlysin reserva — unreservedlysin ton ni son  Ã¢â‚¬â€ without rhyme or reason

Science And The Natural Sciences - 933 Words

Primary research is a research in which a research will have to conduct themselves, for instance, surveys and interviews. This form of research is important to the academic cultures because they created and conducted their own experiment. The results from the experiment are their own fresh new findings that no one has tempered with. The three academic cultures we have learned throughout this semester are Humanities, Social Science and the Natural Sciences. The natural sciences have a focus that everything in the universe can be studied. Often times, scientists in the academic culture will create things that are not a part of the natural world. A few of the disciplines in this academic culture are, biology, math, chemistry, and engineering. Epistemology is the theory of knowledge in which an individual can acquire it. in regards to the natural sciences rationalism, is this cultures way to The social sciences study human behavior. The epistemology that is a part of the social sciences are behavior, this has a focus on the individual and collective. Also part of this epistemology is that institutions created to regulate behavior. The Humanities and Arts study how people process and document the human experience, they focus on what is means to be a human. The epistemology that is composted of the humanities are id ealism and rationalism. Idealism is knowledge that is based on ideas rather than experiences. Rationalism is knowledge that is generated through reasoning. Together,Show MoreRelatedHuman Science And Natural Science1276 Words   |  6 Pagesknowledge in the natural and human sciences because disagreement leads to new discoveries. Disagreement is about gathering reliable knowledge as well as using this newfound knowledge, and occurs when a group fails to reach a consensus over the logic of an argument. Knowledge is composed of facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education. Two areas of knowledge that are impacted by disagreement are human science and natural science. Human science is the study ofRead MoreNatural Sciences And Human Sciences1560 Words   |  7 Pagesexample of this are natural sciences. Years ago science was trying to describe how the world around us worked, but thanks to developments and new technologies, natural sciences have b een able to use that knowledge to create great changes in the world. However, even today some areas of knowledge seek to only describe the world. Human sciences, is an example of this, as it often only generates theories that describe processes or behaviors. Both natural sciences and human sciences, use description asRead MoreHistory Of Science And The Natural Sciences1039 Words   |  5 Pagestheories of representation, as well as in the more physical spaces of science, including natural history museums, hospitals, and laboratories. Since the last years of my undergraduate degree at Rice, I have been interested in the intersections of science and architecture. I completed my BA in two major fields – architecture and civil engineering – and thus have a firm background in both the humanities and the natural sciences. Outside of school, I gained experience in both architecture and experimentalRead MorePsychology Is The Science Of Natural Science1080 Words   |  5 PagesPsychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness -John B. Watson There are five main approaches to psychology known as â€Å"schools of thought† that make assumptions about the nature ofRead MoreThe Natural Sciences And The Arts1179 Words   |  5 Pagesto the natural sciences and the arts. Reason and imagination play an important role in both understanding and comparing progress in the natural sciences and the arts but, while the imaginative insights of a scientist must ultimately be provable, those of artists need only to be reasonable. The interactions between these ways of knowing vary between the natural sciences and the arts, therefore the definition of progress will differ in each area of knowledge. Similarly the natural sciences can be seenRead MoreThe Natural And Human Science1381 Words   |  6 Pagesbehaviorism in political science research. It does also lead to interpretation. The difference between behavioral and interpretive studies is that behavioral study of politics would be to make an assumption and predict causes of cer tain phenomena’s. Interpretative takes one’s values and uses that to find a solution without so much jumping to a conclusion. Kuhn, Gunnell, Taylor, and Webber analyze the meanings of value and interpretation and how it affects social/ political science research and societiesRead MoreThe Rise Of Natural Science1425 Words   |  6 PagesNatural science has been historically recognised as one of the factors affecting the development of social science; particularly, during the period of the Enlightenment, natural science had been one of the factors to improve human life (Turner, 2001: 30). The Enlightenment is to help humans emerge from immaturity and this aim finds expression in Kant’s motto â€Å"Dare to know† (Kant, 1784). During the period of the Enlightenment, due to the remarkable scientific advancement, traditional religion-basedRead MoreNatural Sciences and Ethics1145 Words   |  5 PagesThe definition of natural sciences, the way I see it, is a s cience of exploration and finding the answers about the world around us and about us as humans. The total opposite of science would be the arts which is a way of expressing your emotions, experiences through various areas. In creation of new ideas there is one thing that everyone needs to consider when assembling experiment or a painting is ethics. Ethics would be a key on how should people act in certain situations and what behaviors areRead MoreWhy Is Natural Science?1602 Words   |  7 Pagesknowledge produced with difficulty or whether there are instances where difficulty is not taken into consideration. Natural Science is an area of knowledge that aims to explain natural phenomena that occur in the world and universe surrounding us, through the use of observation and experimentation. One could argue that knowledge produced without difficulty is valued within Natural Science. For instance, in Chemistry, I produced knowledge about rates of reaction by doing a simple experiment that consistedRead MoreWgu Natural Science1663 Words   |  7 Pages| | | | | Ice Melting Experiment and Analysis | INT1 Natural Science Task 3 | Ice Melting Experiment and Analysis ------------------------------------------------- Objective The objective of this experiment is to test the melting point of ice against different variables. I will use a control of ice against air and test this next to ice in water, sugar on ice, salt on ice and Baking Soda on ice. By measuring the melting time of each element on an ice cube I will be able

Legalizing Marijuna Essay Example For Students

Legalizing Marijuna Essay Should Marijuana Be Legalized? In society today, many people look for a feeling of freedom. Many people go on vacation and spend money. The most common gateway for people is drugs. Our American society is facing a tremendous drug problem. In order to eradicate the drug problem, a public debate is going on to find some solutions to this drug dilemma. It has become a highly controversial issue whether drugs such as marijuana should be legalized or not. Some people advocate this issue and believe that legalization is the only solution left for the nation while others oppose because it will increase the number of drug users and drug related crimes. Marijuana is a drug that is illegal in the United States. This drug as you know is bad and causes severe side effects to your brain and body. Scientist have found that smoking marijuana can cause you to loose your memory. Marijuana has many psychological and physical effects. People usually smoke marijuana in cigarettes or pipes, but it also c an be mixed with food and beverages. Short-term effects of marijuana include both psychological and physical reactions. These reactions usually last for three to five hours after a person has smoked marijuana. The psychological reaction, known as a high consists of changes in the users feelings and thoughts. Such changes are caused mainly by THC. The effects of a marijuana high vary from person to person and from one time to another in the same individual. In most cases, the high consists of a dreamy, relaxed state in which users seem more aware of their senses and feel that time is moving slowly. Sometimes, however, marijuana produces a feeling of panic and dread. The different reactions result partly from the concentration of THC in the marijuana. Other factors, such as the setting in which marijuana is used and the users expectations, personality, and mood, also affect a persons reaction to the drug. Long-term effects of marijuana are not completely known, but studies have shown that some people have used marijuana regularly for several months or longer have develop serious long-term problems. Among males, marijuana use can reduce the production of sperm and of the male sex hormone testosterone. Among females, it can cause menstrual irregularity and reduced fertility. Extended use of marijuana also has a long-term psychological effect on many people. These individuals loose interest in everything. However, according to scientific experiments, marijuana is known to be beneficial in medicine. The question is should marijuana be legalized? One of the consequences of legalization will be a tremendous increase in drug users. Right now, drug users have fear of law enforcement agents, but if drugs were to be legalized, they no longer will have fear and will feel that it will be okay to use drugs. Over twenty years ago, estimates of drug use among Americans went as high as 24 million, but we now estimate that the number of Americans ho use illegal drugs is down to some 11 million. And a recent study done by my office shows that Americans are spending less on illegal drugs, not more. In 1993, Americans spent $49 billion on illegal drugs, down from $64 billion in 1988 (Brown 629). This decline is due to more officers on the streets and drug awareness programs. An increase in drug use will result in an increase in drug related crimes if drugs are legalized. Supporters of drug legalization believe that crime and violence would decrease if drug use was legal. Statistics tell us that almost half of those arrested for committing a crime test positive for the use of drugs at the time of their arrest. Making drugs more readily available could only propel more individuals into a life of crime and violence (Brown 629). Also drug users turn to crime to pay for their habits because they are stimulated by drugs and therefore act violently. If drug is sold legally, it will become easy for users to buy it around the corner. Thus, it will increase the already existing problem of crime. Church mentions that every year drug lords make over twenty billion dollars from cocaine and marijuana business, and legalizers believe that legalization will wipe out their major sources of funds (Church 12). However, drug use is a matter of supply and demand. As long as demand exists, someone is going to supply it, either legally or illegally. Supporters of legalization believe that if government regulate drugs such as cocaine and marijuana by imposing taxes, then the black market will be eliminated (Church 12). However, the higher the tax rate, the higher the price of the drugs, and not many users can afford to buy high priced drugs such as marijuana and cocaine. Therefore, they will have to go to drug gangs who sell marijuana and cocaine under the market price. In addition, children and teenagers will be obviously banned from purchasing marijuana and cocaine just as they are prohibited from buying beer and liquor. Nevertheless, there will be drug push ers who will continue to encourage the youngsters and try to get them hooked to marijuana and cocaine. Hence, legalization will encourage a growing criminal black market. The main benefit of marijuana legalization can be in medicine and will give patients with severe and dangerous diseases a new and effective medicine to help them. Yes, marijuana can help in medicine. â€Å"Marijuana is one of the safest therapeutically active substances known† (Nagorney 1). â€Å"One of marijuanas greatest advantages as a medicine is its remarkable safety. It has little effect on major physiological functions. Marijuana is also far less addictive and far less subject to abuse than many drugs† ( Grinspoon and Bakalar 1875). Marijuana as medicine has been studied for many years. In some cultures, it is already used as medicine. There are many good uses for marijuana to be used as medicine which will be discussed. The problem is that in order to be used in United States as medicine, mari juana must be legalized. Many doctors already recommend that their patients break the law and get marijuana. Thats because there is a very strong evidence that marijuana works as a medicine. Marijuana is often useful in the treatment of the following diseases: Cancer: Marijuana alleviates the nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite caused by the chemotherapy treatment. AIDS: Marijuana alleviates the nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite caused by the disease itself. Glaucoma: Marijuana by reducing intraocular pressure alleviates the pain and slows the progress of the disease. This disease damages vision by gradually increasing eye pressure. It is the leading cause of blindness in United States. Multiple Sclerosis: Marijuana reduces the muscle pain and spastically caused by the disease. Epilepsy: Marijuana prevents epileptic seizures in some patients and allows more fresh areas of bronchi to open up. Chronic Pain: Marijuana reduces the chronic often debilitating pain caused by a varie ty of injuries and disorders. In order to be effective, marijuana must be taken daily. It seems to be the most effective three hours after dosage, and last for five hours. Some critic contend that after taken for a period of time, the person may become tolerant to the drug and reduce effectiveness. This is true for a lot of pain relieving drugs. A person cannot rule out marijuana because it has not been proven that a person will develop tolerance. â€Å"Marijuana could benefit as many as five million patients in the United States† (Nagorney 2). This situation to many people is intolerable. Those patients who choose to stay within the law suffer and die, both from disease and from many prescription drugs that cause side effects. â€Å"Nearly all medicines have toxic, potentially lethal effects, but marijuana is not such a substance† (Nagorney 2). This successful use of marijuana has given many patients a much more positive outlook on their treatment. There is now an eno rmous amount of public support of medical marijuana. A scientific survey of oncologist (cancer specialist) found that 54% of those control medical marijuana availability and 44% have already broken the law by obtaining marijuana illegally. â€Å"Thirty-four states letting patients with certain conditions smoke dope† (Foreman 25). States such as Texas, California, Massachusetts, etc., have recognized marijuanas therapeutic potential and have passed legislation supporting its value. These reforms could be passed throughout the nation with the help of people like you. Meanwhile, the only way for patients to gain legal access to marijuana as medicine is from the doctor. The patient must get a written note from the government and participate in a special program setup for them. We know that legalization is neither a reasonable nor rational policy for this country. One of the things that bothers me most about legalization argument is the mixed message it sends to our young people. The legalization will advance a laissez-faire attitude about drugs. I believe that we must change public attitudes toward drugs and focus on prevention and treatment, but we must also maintain the laws that make drugs illegal. Some of the drugs such as marijuana and cocaine should be legalized for medical purposes. â€Å"Polls and voter referenda have repeatedly indicated that the vast majority of Americans think marijuana should be medically available† (Grinspoon and Bakalar 1875). A final important prevention strategy is to enforce the laws against illegal drugs in order to control their availability. There are many uses for marijuana, and many are unexplored. Actually some are explored in depth because of interest and others are left behind. There are probably many other uses that have not been found because of the lack of experimentation on the drug as a whole. If marijuana is legalized there will be much more research done on the drug, and hopefully the drug will begin t o be approved for use. October 13, 1997 Marijuana Mayhem Legalization of Marijuana is a problematic situation at best. Defining different instances where and when it can be used are impossible. Leaving the drug illicit is the only logical choice. Following a 13-year decline in adolescent use of marijuana, the trend began to reverse itself in the early 1990s. Since then, marijuana use among 12-17-year-olds has nearly doubled. In 1994 there were 2.9 million marijuana users in this age group. Students who smoke marijuana heavily may be limiting their ability to learn, according to a NIDA-funded study. The study found that college students who used marijuana regularly had impaired skills related to attention, memory, and learning 24 hours after they had last used the drug. The finding supports the results of previous NIDA-funded research that reported that adults who were chronic heavy marijuana users showed residual impairment in cognitive abilities a day after they had last used marijuana. â€Å"Now we know that for students who smoke marijuana heavily, the ability to learn is affected not just while they are high, but for at least a day after,† says NIDA Director Dr. Alan I. Leshner. Together with other NIDA-funded research that has shown a marked increase in daily marijuana use among young people in recent years, this finding underlines the importance of the Marijuana Use Prevention Initiative launched by Health and Human Services Secretary Dr. Donna Shalala last year, Dr. Leshner says. NIDA is playing a leading role in the initiative by providing science-based information to educate the public about the consequences of marijuana use. Regular heavy marijuana use compromises the ability to learn and remember information primarily by impairing the ability to focus, sustain, and shift attention, says Dr. Harrison Pope, Jr., of McLean Hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts, who directed the recent study. Noting that the actual ability to recall information remains relatively unaffecte d, Dr. Pope says, â€Å"If you could get heavy users to learn an item, then they could remember it; the problem was getting them to learn it in the first place.† Heavy marijuana users had more difficulty than light users in sustaining and shifting attention, and hence in registering, organizing, and using information. Heavy users exhibited these cognitive deficits by being less able than light users were to learn word lists; by making a greater number of errors in sorting cards by different characteristics, such as by color or shape; and by making more errors when the rules for sorting the cards were changed without warning. Men in the heavy users group showed somewhat greater impairment than women in the same group. While the residual cognitive impairments detected in the study were not severe, they could be significant in the day-to-day life of chronic users, Dr. Pope says. The diminished ability to pay attention and decreased mental flexibility exhibited in these tests may cause chronic marijuana users important difficulties in adapting to intellectual and interpersonal tasks, he says. â€Å"This is a fairly definitive study because it was methodologically sound and controlled for a wide number of factors, including the possible confounding effects of alcohol and other drug use,† says Dr. Jagjitsing Khalsa of NIDA’s Division of Clinical and Services Research. Previous studies have produced mixed findings about the residual effects of heavy marijuana use on neuropsychological performance, notes Dr. Khalsa. Methodological problems such as ambiguous terminology, failing to take into account cognitive differences in study participants prior to initiation of marijuana use, and failing to note the possible effect of alcohol and other drugs have raised questions about the results of many of these studies. The study by Dr. Pope and Dr. Yurgelun-Todd joins a growing body of well-controlled and well-designed studies that indicate protracted cogni tive impairment among heavy marijuana users, says Dr. Khalsa. For example, in 1993, Dr. Robert Block of the University of Iowa College of Medicine compared adult heavy marijuana users and nonusers ranging in age from 18 to 42 years who had been matched on the basis of their intellectual functioning before the onset of drug use. Subjects who used marijuana frequently — 7 or more times weekly for at least 2 years — showed deficits in mathematical skills and verbal expression and selective impairments in memory retrieval processes, the study reported. Although the two studies used different neuropsychological tests, â€Å"in general, both studies showed some impairments in cognitive abilities among heavy marijuana users,† Dr. Block says. It remains unclear whether marijuana’s short-term residual cognitive impairments are due either to a residue of the drug that remains in the brain after marijuana’s acute effects have dissipated, to a withdrawal effec t from abrupt discontinuation of the drug, or to a neurotoxic effect of the drug on brain structure or function. Research has yet to demonstrate conclusively that chronic heavy marijuana use results in cognitive deficits that persist after a prolonged period of abstinence. However, NIDA-supported animal studies do show structural damage to the hippocampus, a structure critical in learning and memory, from the principal psychoactive ingredient in marijuana. In the early 1980s, when drug smugglers plied the Caribbean with near impunity, the international effort to catch them resembled a ragtag pursuit, with scant cooperation among nations. Fast-forward to the 1990s, an era when diplomacy has allowed the U.S. Coast Guard to extend its reach into waters once considered safe havens for smugglers. Within the past year, nine of 26 Caribbean nations have signed agreements that give the Coast Guard leeway to enter foreign territorial waters to intercept U.S.-bound cocaine and marijuana shipm ents. The bilateral pacts are becoming popular among island nations eager for help against drug trafficking, two Coast Guard commanders said in a recent interview. Despite a concentration of U.S. government attention on the Southwest border, Coast Guard and Customs Service authorities say there has been little letup in air and sea traffic through the Caribbean. In the waning days of May, Coast Guard vessels plucked 1,386 pounds of cocaine floating off the coast of Punta Salinas, Puerto Rico; 636 pounds of the white powder from a 60-foot sailing vessel near the British Virgin Islands; and 3,000 pounds of marijuana from a 30-foot fishing vessel 30 miles south of Haiti. Customs, too, reported three multi-thousand-pound cocaine seizures at the Port of Miami. It was all packed in cargo from Colombia. For the Coast Guard, which has spent two centuries pursuing pirates, smugglers and blockade runners, one way of detecting the continuous northbound drug traffic has been to move ships, peopl e and planes closer to producer countries like Colombia. Among the objectives: Cut off seaborne smuggling lanes that hug coastal areas and work with foreign governments to deal with arrested traffickers. Coast Guard Cmdr. Joseph F. Ahern, an assistant legal officer, said the United States does not insist that drug suspects be shipped to an American courtroom. â€Å"We don’t demand a U.S. prosecution or the seizure of a vessel,† he said. â€Å"We ask the country what they want to do. If they want to prosecute, their nationals go back to their countries. If not, they get shipped to South Florida, where federal prosecutors and drug agents start developing cases. Ahern asserted that a maturing track record of bilateral cooperation has allayed concerns over sticky sovereignty questions. Historically, a federal law enforcement source noted last week, small countries have taken a dim view of U.S. government deployments in and around their territories without consultation. Th is remains the case. But the bilateral anti-drug agreements have been gaining acceptance since last spring. While the Coast Guard attains more latitude to operate in another country’s territorial waters, and in some cases air space, signatory countries may take advantage of training programs for their own police forces as well as professional exchange programs and joint anti-drug patrols. Under the six-part model agreement, the Coast Guard may board foreign-flag vessels, place its people aboard another country’s ships, pursue suspect vessels in another country’s territorial seas, detain suspect vessels other than those bearing a signatory’s flag, fly over another country’s territory and order suspect planes to land there. Only one country — Trinidad and Tobago — has signed the six-part deal with the overflight provision. A narrower, four-part agreement that excludes the airborne portions has been signed by eight countries. The United States is actively seeking agreements with the airborne provisions from five countries: Barbados, Colombia, Haiti, Honduras and Jamaica. The final score, including the sailboat: six vessels seized and more than 1,600 pounds of cocaine and more than 400 pounds of marijuana intercepted. California recently presented a proposition to legalize Marijuana for medical use and for necessity. Supporters of Proposition 215 say their â€Å"Compassionate Use Act† will legalize marijuana when a doctor prescribes it to ease the pain of cancer. If that were the whole truth The truth is, Prop. 215 does much more than that. Prop. 215 is dangerous. Prop. 215 makes marijuana far more accessible to children at a time when the last thing children need is greater access to drugs. When you sit down and read the initiative, you quickly see why all the old pot legalization activists are rallying around it. It isn’t cancer victims who are doing most of the talking, even in this newspaper. Using terminally ill patients as a cover, Prop. 215 is a thinly-veiled attempt to make marijuana available to everyone who wants it. Prop. 215’s most glaring problems are: No prescription required. The measure doesn’t say pot smoking is legal only when a physician prescribes it. It says a doctor’s â€Å"recommendation† may be oral, and no record keeping is necessary. Under 215, anyone can tell the cops that their doctor says pot will make them feel better, without having to produce written proof. Any excuse will do. Prop. 215 legalizes pot smoking for the treatment of â€Å"cancer, anorexia, AIDS, chronic pain, spasticity, glaucoma, arthritis, migraine, or any other illness for which marijuana provides relief.† Never mind, for a moment, that even the Yes-on-215 campaign admits â€Å"marijuana is not a cure† for any of these things. It’s the â€Å"or any other illness† phrase that is the real problem. Tell the cops you’re unde r stress and your doctor says smoking pot will help, and you’re free to smoke. No consumer protection. I’m no fan of the Food and Drug Administration, but in all the years the FDA has been around, it hasn’t found so much as a far-fetched excuse to legalize pot. Under 215, no FDA approval is required, nor is any other mechanism established to control quality or safety. If pot is indeed â€Å"just another medicine,† why treat it differently from all others? It makes sick people sicker. The American Cancer Society says pot smoking may be more cancer-causing than tobacco. It’s not about medicine. The active ingredient in marijuana, THC, is already available in the prescription drug Marinol. Kids can smoke pot, to. Prop. 215 has no age barriers. What applies to college students applies to third graders. It encourages lawbreaking. Prop. 215 exempts patients and caregivers from state laws prohibiting the cultivation of pot. It can’t exempt them fro m similar federal laws because a state law can’t override a federal law. The upshot? Prop. 215 encourages the violation of federal law, because supporters know the federal Drug Enforcement Agency doesn’t have the manpower to bust every pot grower in California. (State and local police enforce only state and local laws, which would be changed to allow cultivation.) Neighborhood greenhouses. Prop. 215 does not allow pharmacies to sell marijuana to patients. Rather, it says people who grow their own pot would not be punished under state law. Can you name one other â€Å"medicine† which the state allows you to manufacture in the comfort of your own home? Why should pot be an exception? And once your neighbors start growing it, exactly how long do you think it will take the neighbor kids to get their hands on it and start giving it to your kids? There is no requirement in 215 to grow pot in a secure location where kids can’t get at it. Good luck trying to cont rol it once it’s openly growing in your neighborhood! California’s biggest doctor group opposes 215 because no valid medical reason has been found to legalize marijuana. Law enforcement organizations oppose 215 because it would give druggies a fantastic new way to skirt the law. Anti-drug coalitions oppose 215 because it would send children a clear message that smoking pot is healthy. Proposition 215 was written by a drug dealer. Prop. 215 is financed by drug legalization activists who shamelessly seek to exploit the public’s compassion for the sick. But Prop. 215 bites off more than California can chew. Prop. 215 has side effects that go far beyond legalizing pot for medical purposes. PROP. 215 is as best the most problematic and frivolous proposition that has ever been considered! Despite its huge problems and controversies Prop. 215 passed: California Prop 215 Election Results CA Prop 215 Results with 100% Precincts Reporting YES NO Percentage: 55.7% 44.3% Co unt: 4,869,420 3,874,314 Legalization of Marijuana raises many problematic ethical and legal questions. These questions are more of a load that society can handle. Legalization would bring up issues which would create rifts in society further stratifying and stressing the already volatile social structure in the United States Today. The reasons I have shown are just the tip of the iceberg are far as problems with Marijuana. The drug has absolutely no redeeming qualities, and costs the taxpayers of this country billions of dollars a year to try and curb. If we would take a Zero-Tolerance approach and not pass laws allowing the drug in any arena it would make life much simpler, safer and more enjoyable. Works Cited R.I., and Ghoneim, M.M. Effects of chronic marijuana use on human cognition. Psychopharmacology 110:219-228, 1993. Pope, H.G., Jr.; Gruber, A.J.; and Yurgelun-Todd, D. The residual neuropsychological effects of cannabis: The current status of research. Drug and Alcohol Depe ndence 38:25-34, 1995. Pope, H.G., Jr., and Yurgelun-Todd, D. The residual cognitive effects of heavy marijuana use in college students. JAMA 275(7):521-527, 1996. Conservation EssayThe question of whether to legalize drugs or not is a very controversial and important issue. Drugs affect so many areas of society. â€Å"The U.S. population has an extremely high rate of alcohol and drug abuse† (Grolier). Several groups have formed and spoken out regarding their position. â€Å"Speaking Out Against Drug Legalization is the first step in helping to deliver the credible, consistent message about the risks and costs of the legalization of drugs to people in terms that make sense to them. The anti-legalization message is effective when communicated by representatives of the Federal Government, but takes on even more credibility when it comes from those in the community who can put the legalization debate in local perspective† (Internet). After learning about the issues regarding both sides of the argument. Drugs simply create problems which effect society in several ways. The government has made several efforts to control drugs and the ir users, however, to most the problem appears too out of hand. â€Å"Others see potential profit in legalizing drugs and still others simply believe that individual rights to take drugs should be protected. The group also acknowledged that the legalization concept appeals to people who are looking for simple solutions to the devastating problem of drug abuse† (Internet). Societys answer to the problem is to trick the drug user by giving him what he wants. People believe that making drugs legal will take away the temptation to use This idea is wrong and far from logical. If drugs are legalized then they will be more accessible to the young, addicted, and ignorant. â€Å"As a result the ready availability of addicting drugs, and as a result of their heavy use for medical problems, many individuals became addicted to the narcotics contained in these potent medicines. In fact, in 1900, there were more narcotics addicts, proportionate to the population, than there are today. At that time, most of the users who became addicts were medical addicts. Very few abusers took drugs for â€Å"recreational† purposes. In 1914, in an effort to curb the indiscriminate use of narcotics, the federal government passed the Harrison Act, making it illegal to obtain a narcotic drug without a prescription. During the 1920s the Supreme Court ruled that maintaining addicts on narcotic drugs, even by prescription, was in violation of the Harrison Act. Some 30,000 physicians were arrested during this period for dispensing narcotics, and some 3,000 actually served prison sentences. Consequently, doctors all but abandoned the treatment of addicts for nearly half a century in the United States† (Grolier). The only resulting effect will be a negative one. There are no positive aspects of putting drugs on the streets with a label reading â€Å"legal.† There are plenty of people in society that find enough trouble on their own without the help of their country. Lega lizing drugs would have a devastating result that would affect society as a whole. â€Å"Audiences need to understand that 70% of drug users are employed, and that the school bus driver who drives your children to school could smoke marijuana, that the surgeon who operates on you may have cocaine in his system, and that the driver in back of you may be on speed. The debate needs to demonstrate graphically how the common man will be impacted by drug legalization† (Internet). There is an idea that the â€Å"drug user† is a low class, unemployed junkie. This is untrue. The drug user is often a white collared worker with a family and a future. They are not all dirty with missing teeth and poor grammar. The common misconceptions of the â€Å"user† are dangerous to those members of society trying to rid the world of the problem. â€Å"Drinking on the job is a social and economic problem with a long history. With the growing popularity of illegal drugs in the 1960s an d 1970s, it was to be expected that their use in the workplace would emerge as a major issue by the 1980s. Estimates of employee drug use vary greatly, from 10 percent to 25 percent for the proportion of workers who use drugs occasionally on the job. The safe performance of some occupations among them, airline pilot, air traffic controller, truck driver, and physician can be compromised by drug use† (Grolier). One of the greatest concerns of drugs is their contribution to the crime rate. Crime will always be a problem as long as drugs exist and are abused. â€Å"One category of crime is the victimless crime, which includes drunkenness, drug addiction, prostitution and gambling. The use of the term victimless is an extremely qualified one. It refers to acts committed by consenting adults in private; the acts involve only the participants and are not harmful to others. If harm occurs; it is inflicted only upon the willing participants. Victimless crimes are often characterize d by the exchange of sought after goods and services, and they generate huge amounts of illegal income. It has been argued, however, that no crime is victimless. The drug addict suffers physical and emotional harm and often commits property crimes to obtain money for buying drugs† (Grolier). Crime too often is the result of a drug problem. The crime rate would probably lower if drugs were illegal because the drug abusers wouldnt need to steal to pay for their drugs. Legalizing drugs would just add to an already rising problem. â€Å"Compared with other countries that keep crime statistics, the United States has the highest rate per 100,000 population for reported murders, rapes, and robberies. It is important to remember, however, that the incidence of crime is influenced by such factors as industrialization, urbanization, drug and alcohol abuse, unemployment, and the availability of fire arms† (Grolier). This should be reason enough to make all drugs illegal. Legalizi ng drugs will just feed the problem that teenagers and young adults face daily. Making drugs legal makes them more conscience accessible and easier on the â€Å"The illegal use of psychoactive drugs is vast and extensive in the United States. Some 70 million Americans age 12 and over have tried at least one or more prohibited drugs for the purpose of getting high. The illegal drug trade represents an enormous economic enterprise. Sales of illegal drugs in the United States may have totaled $100 billion in 1986, more than the total net sales of the largest American corporation, and more than American farmers earned from all crops combined. About 60% of the illegal drugs sold worldwide end up in the United States† (Grolier). The problems that society already faces with the unemployed, homeless, criminals, and high school drop-out rate will simply increase. What society would want such problems to escalate. The thought of how seriously this could impact our entire nation is both ridiculous and terrifying. I strongly believe that there are a great deal of people who have not tried drugs out of fear of getting caught. If this fear were taken from them, they would probably become drug addicts. As stated by the National Commission of Marijuana and Drug Abuse, â€Å"The term abuse has no functional utility and has become no more than an arbitrary code word for that drug which is presently considered wrong† (Grolier). I believe that our country should uphold a few basic standards, and keep drugs and the problems they create out of our society. Legalization is an act of neglect and ignorance.

Protests and music of the Vietnam War

Introduction The Vietnam War was perhaps the worst war the U.S. ever took part in. The government suffered massive losses, and the war substantially tainted its image. As the war progressed, the government faced great set-backs because public were totally against the war.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Protests and music of the Vietnam War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The government had lied to the public about the intentions of the war but as the 60’s decade came to an end, war veterans brought the truth home. This was amid an announcement by President Nixon that the war had escalated to Cambodia. As the public absorbed the announcement, and the truth behind the war, they were angered by the fact that many American lives had been lost in the war, and the fact that the government was still directing young-adult males to go to Vietnam. Mass protests, that had begun earlier, increased with stud ents forming the frontline of the protesters. Anti-protest police killed and injured a number of the protesters leading to even more protests, and irresponsibility during the protests as protesters quelled their anger. These protests continued until the government made a decision to withdraw troops from the war. Music and Vietnam War The Vietnam War led to an era of music that can be associated entirely with the events of the war. Music was part of the war as soldiers used in many occasions during the war. This can even be evidenced by the number of movies produced after the Vietnam War because the movies were characterized by battle scenes that have music playing in the background. An example is the movie Forrest Gump. The troops in the Vietnam War had their own music tastes. A good example of a track that was popular among American troops is the song We Gotta Get Out of this Place. The song Happy Birthday Abey Baby also became popular during this time because of its message, which reflects the racial aspects of the Vietnam War. Another popular song was the track, â€Å"We Will All Go Down Together† (Miller 1), which is done by Billy Joel.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During the war itself, soldiers had tapes which they were fond of listening to even as they engaged in gun battles. There were a lot of references to music by the troops as the war progressed. For instance, before soldiers fired their guns, they would sometimes say that they were â€Å"ready to rock n’ roll† (Fish 1). Additionally, as bullets or missiles were fired from a helicopter, the phrase, â€Å"Puff the Magic Dragon†, was commonly used. Even more surprising is the fact that in certain areas, music would be playing from loud speakers as the combat progressed. An example of a song that was commonly played during combat is the song â€Å"Night in W hite Satin† done by Moody Blues. People who had the privilege to have been alive during the Vietnam War agree that music had a special role to play during the war period. In fact most of these people, who are grannies now, recommend several songs to anyone wishing to know what went on during the Vietnam War. They recommend that one listens to the message being passed by the artists of the time, and the deep meaning of the songs. The message in the music was that of a people desperate for peace in a war-torn world. Some of the tracks showed how the government had misrepresented its intentions in the Vietnam War, and how the public was angry towards the government’s decision to be involved in the Vietnam War (Tuso 9). It is for this reason that the 1960 decade went down in the books of performance-music history as the decade that had a record number of concerts, and number of people in concerts, in comparison with what was experienced before the decade. Effects of the mus ic The discussed anti-war music had great socio-economic and political implications for the American government, specifically in relation to decisions about the war in Vietnam.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Protests and music of the Vietnam War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The anti-war music took the American youth of the 1960’s; especially college students to a high level as far as political matters are concerned. The anti-war musicians gave clear messages to the youth of the time; that the country had gone to political dogs, and it was time the public took control of their own destiny. With time it was apparent that the young generation was very alert on political matters, and that the youth was not going to watch as the government misrepresented facts about the situation in Vietnam. Moreover, some combat veterans were already returning from the war and unearthing the government secrets a bout the intention of the war in the first place. The social climate that was created by the presence of people who knew the truth about the war, and the presence of musicians whose lyrics and music were a reflection of the collective conscience of the public, saw the end of an unjust and barbaric war, which the government had been sweeping under the carpet with the tag â€Å"police action† (Schifferes 1). Protests against the Vietnam War The Vietnam War was characterized by so many protests that it can be confidently argued that the protests marked the greatest anti-war movement in the history of the United States. The protests were sparked early in the 1960’s, during which they were based in colleges and large cities. With time, however, troops in Vietnam grew to more than half a million Americans. This was after 1964. After the increased presence of American troops in Vietnam, the public grew more restless, and protests became more serious and frequent (Sayre 1). By the close of the decade, hundreds of thousands of American citizens were protesting at various locations all over the nation. The year 1970 saw the peak of the protests as the public was angered by several attempts by the police to quell the protests. This was after four students who had been involved in a peaceful demonstration at the Ohio’s Kent State University were shot dead and other nine students injured by gunshots. These atrocities were carried out by the National Guard Troops in an attempt by the government to contain the situation created by the mass protests against the war in Vietnam.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This increased the protests, with some protests being accompanied by violence, bombings, vandalisms and arson. The students were expressing their anger towards the shedding of blood in the Kent State protest by government agents, as well as expressing their displeasure of the government’s involvement in the Vietnam War. By the end of the year 1974, American troops had been withdrawn from Vietnam, and the protests had also subsided (Miller 1). The puppet regime that was in Vietnam before the war had also collapsed, and thus the Vietnamese were no longer under foreign colonization. President Nixon had made an announcement during the last day of April in 1970 that the war had extended to the neighboring Cambodia. This was, perhaps the motivation behind the protests at Kent State. The killing of the four students, as well as the announcement that the war had escalated, led to an increase in the intensity and volume of the protests in terms of protesters. The four killed were stud ents at the Kent State University, which is based in Ohio. This was the inspiration behind the song Ohio done by Young, Crosby, Nash and Stills. During the first week of May, there was a general strike for lauding antiwar protests in Oklahoma University. Close to a thousand protesters went to the streets with one of the protesters displaying a communist flag belonging to Vietnam. He was arrested by the police under the Oklahoma law. This led to angry exchanges between the protesters and a number of police and highway patrol officers. Several protesters sustained injuries during the exchanges and other three protesters were arrested (Garrity 1). This led to mass protests by the students in response to the arrest of the student who had unfolded the Vietnam flag. This, combined with protests in other states like Ohio, created an environment that could be regarded as that of pure protests. Effects of the protests The protests that took place during the Vietnam War shaped the socio-econo mic and political set-up of the United States significantly. Prior to this, protests were being taken seriously, and the public was not properly protected against the atrocities of the police during peaceful protests. The Kent State killings, in particular, led to development of appropriate laws for freedom of expression that were tailored to ensure that the public is able to express its displeasure towards the excesses of the government, and other similar issues. Apart from this, the fact that the Vietnam War ended in the year 1974, barely a decade after the U.S. sent troops to Vietnam, can be attributed to the contribution of the public unrest. The protests had peaked in 1970 and thus the ending of the war in 1974 can be seen as an indication that the protests made a great contribution towards efforts to end the war. The protests also revealed the fact that the ultimate power of making political decisions rests on the public, but not the political class (Fish 1). This is because a ll the senators were unanimous about the decision to send troops to Vietnam. As mentioned above, the war protests led to development of a more conducive climate for expression. Thus after the war, courtesy of the protests, people had more freedom of expression than before. Relationship between music and protests Music formed a very important part of the protests that took place against the Vietnam War. Most of the music that was played during the time was a motivation for protests against the War in Vietnam. For example, the song Ohio done by Young, Crosby, Nash and Stills was used to call the public for more action after the killing of the aforementioned Kent State students. In the year 1969 the song, Fortunate Son was released by the band Creedence Clearwater. The song was a protest song dedicated to the youth who were being forced to be involved in the Vietnam War. Some of the lyrics of the song include a line that says, â€Å"It ain’t me, I ain’t no senatorâ€℠¢s son, I ain’t no fortune one† (Garrity 1). Another part of the song says, â€Å"When the band plays hail to the chief, they point the cannon at you† (Garrity 1), depicting the cruelty that the protesters were facing from the military. The songs were therefore meant to act as motivations for unrest. Music was also a consolation for the masses since they had been failed by their political representatives and thus they needed somebody with whom they shared the same sentiments. The music played during this time also had a number of cultural influences. For instance, the impact of The Beatles was so enormous that the members of the group were trendsetters for the society. For instance, they were responsible for the popularity of long hair among boys. They set a record 21 hits that topped charts during the time. This record has never been beaten by any other band. Their popularity was so great during the time that the guitar player of the group, one John Lennon, was prompted to think that his group was â€Å"more popular than Jesus† (Streich 1). Of course this statement attracted substantial outcries from religious crusaders but all he meant was that The Beatles were unimaginably popular. Conclusion As evidenced in the discussion above, the Vietnam War was characterized by the largest anti-war protests ever experienced in the history of America. These protests were mainly caused by the fact that the real reason of America’s involvement in the Vietnam War was not known to the public. The public also saw carelessness on the part of the government, and ill intentions. This was aggravated by the government’s requirement of young-adult males to be involved in the war after college in the late 1960’s. This requirement made college students to be actively involved in the protests, which saw a number of students being killed, and others injured by anti-protest police. After a number of violent incidences involving students a nd the police, specifically the Kent State shootings and protests in several other universities, the protests increased and the number of people being involved in a single episode of protests also increased. This situation continued until the U.S. government started withdrawing troops from Vietnam in the early 70’s. The Vietnam War was also characterized by great music influence. After losing confidence in the government, artists started producing songs with lyrics that were a message to either the government or the public regarding the Vietnam War. The songs therefore acted as a consolation to the masses because they no longer had confidence in their government. The influence of the anti-war music was so much that even the troops in Vietnam used phrases that were actually lines from the lyrics of certain anti-war songs. They even listened to music played via loudspeakers in some areas as they engaged in combat. However, the greatest influence of the anti-war music was the fa ct that it fuelled protests and thus acted as a motivation for revolting against the Vietnam War. All in all, anti-war music and protests remain in the minds of every American citizen who witnessed the activities of the Vietnam War. The war is mostly remembered when people reminisce about the protests or when people listen to the anti-war music. Works Cited Fish, Lydia. â€Å"Songs of Americans in the Vietnam War†. 1993. Web. Garrity, Patrick. â€Å"Music and the Remembrance of War†. 2006.  Web. Miller, John. â€Å"Vietnam War Protests†. Oklahoma Historical Society. 2009. Web. Sayre, James. â€Å"Late 1960’s and early 1970’s anti-Vietnam war protests, social and political background notes and a short discussion of some of the best rock ‘n roll music of the times†. 2008.  Web. Schifferes, Steve. â€Å"Vietnam: The Music of Protest†. 2005.  Web. Streich, Michael. â€Å"Vietnam War Protest Music†. 2010.  Web. Tuso, J oseph. Singing the Vietnam Blues: Folksongs of the American Fighter Pilot in Southeast Asia. College Station: Texas A and M Press, 1990. This research paper on Protests and music of the Vietnam War was written and submitted by user Kinsley Sullivan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Writing introductions and endings to grab attention and leave an impression

Writing introductions and endings to grab attention and leave an impression Writing intros and endings We remember firsts and lasts much more than we remember in betweens. Most people can remember their first day at school, or what they had for dinner last night, for example. Thats why introductions and conclusions are perhaps the two most critical parts of any document. Unfortunately, theyre also often the weakest. Most people have no idea how to write an introduction that grabs the readers attention. And even more people neglect to write a conclusion altogether. But there are four basic types of intro and ending that you can use for most documents. Here are two of them. Getting started Many people follow the misguided advice to start somewhere in the middle and write the introduction last. But getting your introduction right doesnt just attract the reader, it also helps your document flow as you write. So begin writing your introduction first. One of the most effective types of introduction is the historical beginning. This type of introduction contrasts what used to happen last year/century or whenever with whats happening now, and creates a real sense of movement in your readers mind. For example: Ten years ago, the marketing budget was 3 million a year. Now that figure has almost tripled. Now youve got your readers attention, theyll almost certainly be eager to know why the budget has increased so much. Start telling them, and theyre hooked. Closure The conclusion is your opportunity to leave a lasting impression and keep what youve written in the readers mind. One good way to do this is to look forward, or predict the future. For example: The annual report shows that growth has been steady, but sales still need to improve for the upturn to continue. You can find out more about effective intros and endings on an Emphasis in-company or public course. Or you can email to ask us about how we can help your organisation. Back to High-impact business writing course.

Discrimination and Prejudice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Discrimination and Prejudice - Essay Example These are mammoth challenges for the specialist communities, inclusive of social scientists, policy makers, governmental units, students of society, and members of minority and dominant groups. This situation urges for all these people, to contrive a way through which everybody can surface as a human being, and not as a specific color, class or creed. Where the social scientists need to develop ways and means which suit the humans of current times, the policy makers need to establish laws and regulations that are followed in letter and spirit. The students also need to play and instrumental role, as they are the grass-roots which shall develop or destruct the prejudice system in the next decades. Bias always in embedded in the foundations of a society, and needs to be tackled at that very level. As Chen clearly specifies through the example of what happened with Eboni. Discrimination of black children not being allowed to play simply because the place 'looks bad' is a horrendous representation of a society that preaches democracy and freedom to the rest of the world. Subsequently, the battle for the house acquisition goes on, not only with this family, but with many others, who keep on getting rejections because they are not visually and conceptually acceptable. Further, as is elucidated in the environment-based discrimination case as well, there is a colossal prejudice according to demographic data in the facilities and general well-being available to the minorities in the Los Angeles County. The fact of the matter is that ever since man has entered civilization, he has ceased to be 'civilized' in the context of equality. In most recent times, especially in the context of the US, this discrimination has been from the onset of colonization, and has turn a multitude of economic, political and social turns to take its shape as it is today. As a claimant of 'the land of opportunity', the country was eager to allow more and more people coming in, from all cultures, religions and background. And while the economic opportunity was there, there was a dearth of social acceptance and tolerance. Nonetheless, as the facts suggest, the minorities have also stayed on the threshold of economic independence, some thing which has lead to a major societal and class difference in a capitalist society. Resultantly, the minorities in the form of race and ethnic groups were segregated behind many glass walls and ceilings. Herein another problem can be highlighted as well. Though people with a strong willpower may well be able to deal with situations in a different manner, but everyday social psychology purports that people living in minority groups are likely to have low self-esteems. This is simply because they are being looked down upon, merely because of their lack of strength. And a lack of anything is likely to generate a challenge for the self-esteem of the individual. Self-esteem is a very integral personality concern, but issues of discrimination generate self-esteem challenges on a collective and communal level. Where this may also provide within the group, this also highlights the injustice being done at a wider scale, which affects a whole host of people. The Evolution of Ethnicity on the Social Map The land of opportunity as it was and is, has constantly witnessed the influx of people from all nationalities, religions, races and ethnic groups entering its

Evelyn Hooker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evelyn Hooker - Essay Example was that gays and lesbians are essentially maladjusted persons who need the help of society to be re-integrated and to have normal lives like most people. Her personal and professional life was influenced to a big extent by her mentor with name of Prof. Karl Muenzinger who encouraged her to pursue further studies on behaviorism, in particular the sub-topic of homosexuality. Her interest in this particular subject was due to her making friends with one of her students (name was Mr. Sam From) who was homosexual and challenged her to study him and other homosexuals to disprove commonly-held notions. Her various experiments disproved homosexuals as socially maladjusted people; her studies in effect showed this group to be well adjusted socially no different from the general population. Her studies were used by the gay rights movement to promote their own advocacies. Her personal life starting from her high school years, through college, to the masters program and eventually, the doctorate program influenced her research work because she saw all these as a way to get out of poverty and the drudgery of house work. She was quite lucky to be acquainted with professors who encouraged her to do groundbreaking research work but by her own admission, she did the research more out of curiosity and empathy. Her anonymous fellowship for a year of study in Europe gave her valuable insights to the events happening there at that time, specifically the persecution of the Jewish people at the hands of Hitler and Nazi Germany. She further traveled to Russia at around this time also and saw with her own eyes and through direct experience social injustices such as the rampant and overt discrimination against certain ethnic minorities. This gave her impetus to focus her studies on clinical psychology which gave birth to her almost exclusive concentration on the study of homosexuality in which this group of people are discriminated against as deviants. A turning point in her career

Book and Grade Level Essay Example for Free

Book and Grade Level Essay Tuesday: Hats ON for Reading Wear your favorite hat to show your reading spirit. Wednesday: Reading Takes You Places Dress like a Tourist. â€Å"Name that Book Trivia† Every hour an excerpt from a book will be read over the intercom and classrooms will have the opportunity to guess the book. Thursday: Reading BRIGHTENS your World – Dress in bright colors. Friday: Wear your shades for SURFF day Silent, Uninterrupted Reading For Fun! Each grade level will determine how they choose to participate in Literacy Week. Here are some suggestions; of course your grade level team can come up with your own ideas: * Decorate the outside of your door with your favorite book or literary characters. The emphasis is on student participation and student decorated doors. * Book Talks. Students can write Book Talk reviews for books they are reading. * Character Museums. Students can create posters of a book character with face cut-outs. The student places their face in the opening and holds the poster up to create a character museum. Visitors tour the museum and travel from character to character learning about each book. * â€Å"Book, Blankets and Bears† – Students bring their favorite blanket, and stuffed animal to read outside during the day. * â€Å"Poem in your Pocket† Students create a poem and recite them to each other throughout the day. * â€Å"The Book Swap† – Students bring in a gently used book to swap with another student in their class or grade level. * Reader’s Theater. * Book Chain – Students fill out a strip of paper with a title of each book they read during celebrate literacy week. * Bookmark decorating contest * Create a book jacket. Use paper bags to make a new book cover for a library book. Mrs. Ward will put them on display. * Story mobile to retell a favorite book. * Tri-oramas representing the beginning, middle and end of a story. * Character dress up day. Dress up as your favorite book character. * Book Buddy collaborative activities.

Leda Atomica :: essays research papers

Leda Atomica (24 x 18"- oil on canvas), is a painting by Salvador Dali (1904-1989) who was the top Surrealists of this time. Surrealism explored the subconscious, the dream world, and irrational elements of the psyche in the firm belief that the discoveries to be made from such exploration would be of greater fundamental importance to the human condition than any other form of social analysis. Surrealists like Salvador Dali was very fascinated by the ephemeral state of the mind between sleep and consciousness, dream and reality, sanity and insanity, as one in which the mind functioned purely, unfettered by the constraints of logic and social behavior. (#1 - Surrealism)Salvador Dali was born in May 11 of 1904 in Figures Spain, and in 1921 he entered the San Fernando Academy of Fine Arts in Madrid where he made friends with Federico Garcia Lorca, Luis Bunuel, and Eugenio Montes. In June of 1923 Dali was suspended from the Academy for having indicated the students to rebel against the authorities of the school but was let back in October of 1925, and a year later Dali was permanently expelled. Then in 1924 he was imprisoned in Figures and Gerona for political reasons. The influence of metaphysical paintings and contact with Miro, caused Dali to join the Surrealists in 1929. (#8 - Biographical Outline) Dali held numerous one-man shows during his career and did many art forms from paintings to sculpture and even movies. He directed and was a part of many films including the first surrealist film "Un Chiea A Dalou A Andalusian Dog", with the director Luis Bunuel. In 1945 he designed the memorable surrealistic dream sequence for Hitchcock's Spellbound, and filmed Don Juan Tenorio, in 1951. By reading psychological case histories, Dali hoped to represent neuroses in an ultra-realistic style so as to objectify the irrational with photographic accuracy. A lot of his artwork has some kind of connection to other artwork of his, like the melting clock, his symbol of death, and most of all is Dali's anamorphic self portrait mask that appears in allot of his paintings. The shape of the face, usually presented resting on its nose, is strongly reminiscent of one of the rock formation of the coastline near Dali's home. Leda Atomica is some what connected to The Madonna of Port Lligat, as if Dali is showing a symbolic story of his relationship with Gala, (Gala- is his lover/wife).

Philosophical Worldview Essay

A philosophical worldview is a complex phenomenon influenced by a number of factors including scientific knowledge and philosophical doctrines, religion and everyday experience of a person. Along with the worldview comes a social system, an accompanying ideological structure. In some instances, the person may not be aware of the extent to which she or he is stepping into a new world—or a new way of grasping the world and understanding oneself influenced by new ideas and ideologies. Nevertheless, the subtlety of the process does not diminish its impact, which is to achieve change toward a specific end. The desired goal is the transformation of the adherent into a committed believer, which means becoming a loyal group member or follower in those instances in which a group is attached to a belief system. Science, logic and religion play a crucial role in the philosophical worldview determining the main priorities and concepts accepted or rejected by an individual. It is possible to say that science stipulates the frames through which we perceive the world. Following David Hume: The identity, which we ascribe to the mind of man, is only a fictitious one, and of a like kind with that which we ascribe to vegetables and animal bodies. It cannot, therefore, have a different origin, but must proceed from a like operation of the imagination upon like objects† (Hume, n. d. ). Science helps humanity to understand natural phenomena and biological changes, evolutionary processes and shifts. Descartes explains that: â€Å"Arithmetic, Geometry, and the other sciences of the same class †¦ contain somewhat that is certain and indubitable† (Descartes, 2005). Science influence the worldview representing a particular way of knowledge and perception of the world and human beings based on historical information, hypotheses and experiments. Science is not a self-contained or self-sustaining activity. The most important it is conducted only in a community that has reached a certain level of intellectual development, which involves and implies social organization, culture, art, and religion, as well as philosophy. Religion can be interpreted as a worldview itself determining the main values and concepts which help a person to interpret the world. The person who begins to think about religion may find himself identifying his particular beliefs with the essence of all religion. His own religious beliefs are vivid and vital to him, especially if his religious training has been consistent and regular, and if his religion is emotionally allied with valued experiences at home, at school, and with friends. Again, if his specific beliefs have become connected with satisfying moments of high inspiration and if he has found these beliefs helpful in time of need, his religion will have so permeated the nooks and crannies of his life that any other â€Å"religion† is a relatively dead thing, something foreign and alien, and, indeed, not really religion. There is only one religion for him. As he tries to evaluate his religion, it will be difficult for him to examine his beliefs impartially and to give adequate weight to those factors in the experience of others which have little meaning to him in terms of his own emotional background. For instance, Descartes gives the following example of the role and influence of religion in the worldview: it is true that when I think only of God (when I look upon myself as coming from God, Fr. ), and turn wholly to him, I discover [in myself] no cause of error or falsity† (Descartes, 2005). In this case, the worldview of a person is determined by his religious beliefs and perception of the world influenced by interpretation of God and his authority. Religion helps to develop a perspective toward life which determines ideas, rituals, and emotions. What happens to religious belief depends on innumerable factors in the life-experience of the believer. What the individual calls his religion is interwoven with experiences which are religiously significant for him (Warburton, 2006). Logic exhibits an ideal of knowledge, namely, a one-possibility consistency derived from established premises. This ideal is demonstrated unusually well in the realm of mathematics and geometry where all conclusions are logically bound to accepted definitions or axioms. This pattern of thought is what many people have in mind when they refer to reason or to its conclusion, rational truth. For Descartes, a logical conclusion in this sense would have a must-be-so character; almost-surely-so would have no more validity than to say that two and two â€Å"almost surely† equal five. One can understand why this conception of logical reason (and of truth) has been held up as the ultimate ideal. When a proof is logically valid, there are no other possible conclusions, and our uncertainty vanishes. Logic influenced the worldview helping to explain, select, organize and interpret information combining it into a meaningful and coherent picture of the world. Reality is a function of the interpretation we assign to our own perceptions and logic. Using three frames, logic, science and religion, people interpret the world and events take place around them; logic, science and religion become lenses through which we determine and perceive the world and its processes. Science, religion and logic allows a person to perceive ideas of others and create a unique worldview and understanding of reality. Our worldview is derived from the science base we bring to the system and the development of that base as we operate within the system. In many ways, religion and logic is both the instrument with which we succeed by making sense out of the world and the limitation on our ability to see greater or different issues that might be critical to our interpretation of the world. All of the readings (Descartes, Hume, Sartre) can challenge and expend the philosophical worldview. All of them present a unique interpretation and explanation of events and philosophical concepts which force a reader to rethink and test his worldviews. For instance, Descartes and Hume can help to perceive certain things that other people do not necessarily notice. They are more likely to see particular characteristics as important. Hume explains: â€Å"’Tis evident, that the identity, which we attribute to the human mind, however perfect we may imagine it to be, is not able to run the several different perceptions into one, and make them lose their characters of distinction and difference, which are essential to them† (Hume, n. . ). Thus, no matter how acute our own perceptual abilities might be, the reality we carry with us is essentially less than the actual event. Sartre’s ideas challenge a worldview forcing a reader to rethink his religious beliefs and ideals applying an existentialist point of view. Most of us have the same kind of experience as we try to grasp the scientist’s account of the world. If we are to understand at all, we have to be satisfied with a harder â€Å"thinkable† conception-that is, one which is consistent with the facts. With the help of the microscope and the telescope, the scientist can check much of his mathematics and â€Å"thinking† about the â€Å"population† of the universe, its nature, and its extension in space and time. But ultimately he has the right to ask our intellect to accept his conception of the physical universe, provided no facts are left out, even if that conception outruns imagination. These readings can help to rethink and reinterpret some ideals and beliefs but they cannot change a philosophical view and perception of reality. These readings represent different historical epochs and are influenced by reality and traditions of these periods. In many cases, philosophical doctrines and concepts differ from modern world and construction of modern reality. The further development of a person’s worldview can be drawn from existentialism. Existentialism addresses itself to what are today called the â€Å"existential† problems of man — the meaning of life, of death, of suffering, to name but these. The relationship of human existence to beings which do not enjoy human existence is transcendent in a double-edged manner. On the one hand human existence is thrown down into the world and is attuned to and utterly subject to the beings in it; in this way the world transcends human existence. On the other hand, human existence is really the â€Å"formative† agent of the world; it transcends the world; the domination which it exercises over things in being is so complete that it actually draws them out of their fundamental hiddenness and endows them with being, that is, with meaning and truth. Existentialism is also clearly indebted to life-philosophy and is in certain ways an expansion of the latter especially in its actualism, its analysis of time, and its criticism of rationalism and natural science (Warburton, 2006). The difficulty does not stem from inadequacy in expression or weakness in logical structure, for work always proceeds in very systematic fashion. The difficulty arises rather from the unusual and strange terminology which he has devised in the hope of providing a language for conveying his thoughts. Therefore the analysis of being as human existence is declared to be the starting point of the investigation. It is the peculiar quality of human existence that it is a being which, in being, is interested in this very being. The understanding of being is in itself an element in the being of human existence, and for this reason human existence is said to be â€Å"ontological. To determine the essence of human existence requires much more than a matter-of-fact answer to the question â€Å"What? † For the â€Å"essence† of human existence, is found in its existence, from which alone it can be understood. Following Sartre [man] â€Å"is nothing. Only afterward will he be something, and he himself will have made what he will be. Thus, there is no human nature, since there is no god to conceive it. Not only is man what he conceives himself to be, but he is also what he wills himself to be† (Sartre 2000, p. 36). In contrast other philosophers decide that they must either accept the biblical account of creation or reject altogether the conception of creation by God. They do not realize that two kinds of assertions are involved and that it is at least possible to maintain that God is creator without holding that he created by specific edict in the order suggested. It may be that the acceptance of evolution should modify only the conception of the way in which God creates the world (Warburton, 2006). The main value to study different philosophies is to expand and challenge ones philosophical ideals, comparing and contrasting different perspectives and philosophical notions. It seems to me important that people should be familiar with the work of different branches of philosophy. It is not, necessarily, that some philosophers are more acute or profound than their scholastic predecessors. It is rather that the individual is unlikely really to get to grips with the thought of the classic scholastics unless he has been brought by the study of philosophy to a genuine appreciation of the problems in these fields. Fields of inquiry has to do not with one set of events which occur in the world but with the nature of all events and of the universe as a whole. The second issue involves the question as to whether the actual steps in the development of man were those indicated. Different philosophies help to expend the knowledge and rethink philosophical ideals and truths. Understanding different perspectives is a crucial element of universal understanding because it is impossible to arrive at a position of knowledge from a single perspective. Understanding different perspectives is a good thing because it allows a person to build his own worldview based on contrasting elements and concepts, values and views. It does not mean that a person should accept these perspectives but he should understand the different and value of each of them. The essential structure of understanding secures an existential grasp of the range of the capacity for being, and it is that aspect of human existence in which worldview is its potentiality. To snatch ourselves back again out of the grip of man is to make a choice, to commit ourselves spontaneously to the possibility of being arising from the most intimate self. The worldview is determined by science and religion and the discoveries of the philosophers made during a particular period of time. Accepting these restraints, the person secures to himself the protection given by the community of others who accept the same canons of philosophy, religion logic and scientific knowledge.