Science And The Natural Sciences - 933 Words

Primary research is a research in which a research will have to conduct themselves, for instance, surveys and interviews. This form of research is important to the academic cultures because they created and conducted their own experiment. The results from the experiment are their own fresh new findings that no one has tempered with. The three academic cultures we have learned throughout this semester are Humanities, Social Science and the Natural Sciences. The natural sciences have a focus that everything in the universe can be studied. Often times, scientists in the academic culture will create things that are not a part of the natural world. A few of the disciplines in this academic culture are, biology, math, chemistry, and engineering. Epistemology is the theory of knowledge in which an individual can acquire it. in regards to the natural sciences rationalism, is this cultures way to The social sciences study human behavior. The epistemology that is a part of the social sciences are behavior, this has a focus on the individual and collective. Also part of this epistemology is that institutions created to regulate behavior. The Humanities and Arts study how people process and document the human experience, they focus on what is means to be a human. The epistemology that is composted of the humanities are id ealism and rationalism. Idealism is knowledge that is based on ideas rather than experiences. Rationalism is knowledge that is generated through reasoning. Together,Show MoreRelatedHuman Science And Natural Science1276 Words   |  6 Pagesknowledge in the natural and human sciences because disagreement leads to new discoveries. Disagreement is about gathering reliable knowledge as well as using this newfound knowledge, and occurs when a group fails to reach a consensus over the logic of an argument. Knowledge is composed of facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education. Two areas of knowledge that are impacted by disagreement are human science and natural science. Human science is the study ofRead MoreNatural Sciences And Human Sciences1560 Words   |  7 Pagesexample of this are natural sciences. Years ago science was trying to describe how the world around us worked, but thanks to developments and new technologies, natural sciences have b een able to use that knowledge to create great changes in the world. However, even today some areas of knowledge seek to only describe the world. Human sciences, is an example of this, as it often only generates theories that describe processes or behaviors. Both natural sciences and human sciences, use description asRead MoreHistory Of Science And The Natural Sciences1039 Words   |  5 Pagestheories of representation, as well as in the more physical spaces of science, including natural history museums, hospitals, and laboratories. Since the last years of my undergraduate degree at Rice, I have been interested in the intersections of science and architecture. I completed my BA in two major fields – architecture and civil engineering – and thus have a firm background in both the humanities and the natural sciences. Outside of school, I gained experience in both architecture and experimentalRead MorePsychology Is The Science Of Natural Science1080 Words   |  5 PagesPsychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness -John B. Watson There are five main approaches to psychology known as â€Å"schools of thought† that make assumptions about the nature ofRead MoreThe Natural Sciences And The Arts1179 Words   |  5 Pagesto the natural sciences and the arts. Reason and imagination play an important role in both understanding and comparing progress in the natural sciences and the arts but, while the imaginative insights of a scientist must ultimately be provable, those of artists need only to be reasonable. The interactions between these ways of knowing vary between the natural sciences and the arts, therefore the definition of progress will differ in each area of knowledge. Similarly the natural sciences can be seenRead MoreThe Natural And Human Science1381 Words   |  6 Pagesbehaviorism in political science research. It does also lead to interpretation. The difference between behavioral and interpretive studies is that behavioral study of politics would be to make an assumption and predict causes of cer tain phenomena’s. Interpretative takes one’s values and uses that to find a solution without so much jumping to a conclusion. Kuhn, Gunnell, Taylor, and Webber analyze the meanings of value and interpretation and how it affects social/ political science research and societiesRead MoreThe Rise Of Natural Science1425 Words   |  6 PagesNatural science has been historically recognised as one of the factors affecting the development of social science; particularly, during the period of the Enlightenment, natural science had been one of the factors to improve human life (Turner, 2001: 30). The Enlightenment is to help humans emerge from immaturity and this aim finds expression in Kant’s motto â€Å"Dare to know† (Kant, 1784). During the period of the Enlightenment, due to the remarkable scientific advancement, traditional religion-basedRead MoreNatural Sciences and Ethics1145 Words   |  5 PagesThe definition of natural sciences, the way I see it, is a s cience of exploration and finding the answers about the world around us and about us as humans. The total opposite of science would be the arts which is a way of expressing your emotions, experiences through various areas. In creation of new ideas there is one thing that everyone needs to consider when assembling experiment or a painting is ethics. Ethics would be a key on how should people act in certain situations and what behaviors areRead MoreWhy Is Natural Science?1602 Words   |  7 Pagesknowledge produced with difficulty or whether there are instances where difficulty is not taken into consideration. Natural Science is an area of knowledge that aims to explain natural phenomena that occur in the world and universe surrounding us, through the use of observation and experimentation. One could argue that knowledge produced without difficulty is valued within Natural Science. For instance, in Chemistry, I produced knowledge about rates of reaction by doing a simple experiment that consistedRead MoreWgu Natural Science1663 Words   |  7 Pages| | | | | Ice Melting Experiment and Analysis | INT1 Natural Science Task 3 | Ice Melting Experiment and Analysis ------------------------------------------------- Objective The objective of this experiment is to test the melting point of ice against different variables. I will use a control of ice against air and test this next to ice in water, sugar on ice, salt on ice and Baking Soda on ice. By measuring the melting time of each element on an ice cube I will be able

Legalizing Marijuna Essay Example For Students

Legalizing Marijuna Essay Should Marijuana Be Legalized? In society today, many people look for a feeling of freedom. Many people go on vacation and spend money. The most common gateway for people is drugs. Our American society is facing a tremendous drug problem. In order to eradicate the drug problem, a public debate is going on to find some solutions to this drug dilemma. It has become a highly controversial issue whether drugs such as marijuana should be legalized or not. Some people advocate this issue and believe that legalization is the only solution left for the nation while others oppose because it will increase the number of drug users and drug related crimes. Marijuana is a drug that is illegal in the United States. This drug as you know is bad and causes severe side effects to your brain and body. Scientist have found that smoking marijuana can cause you to loose your memory. Marijuana has many psychological and physical effects. People usually smoke marijuana in cigarettes or pipes, but it also c an be mixed with food and beverages. Short-term effects of marijuana include both psychological and physical reactions. These reactions usually last for three to five hours after a person has smoked marijuana. The psychological reaction, known as a high consists of changes in the users feelings and thoughts. Such changes are caused mainly by THC. The effects of a marijuana high vary from person to person and from one time to another in the same individual. In most cases, the high consists of a dreamy, relaxed state in which users seem more aware of their senses and feel that time is moving slowly. Sometimes, however, marijuana produces a feeling of panic and dread. The different reactions result partly from the concentration of THC in the marijuana. Other factors, such as the setting in which marijuana is used and the users expectations, personality, and mood, also affect a persons reaction to the drug. Long-term effects of marijuana are not completely known, but studies have shown that some people have used marijuana regularly for several months or longer have develop serious long-term problems. Among males, marijuana use can reduce the production of sperm and of the male sex hormone testosterone. Among females, it can cause menstrual irregularity and reduced fertility. Extended use of marijuana also has a long-term psychological effect on many people. These individuals loose interest in everything. However, according to scientific experiments, marijuana is known to be beneficial in medicine. The question is should marijuana be legalized? One of the consequences of legalization will be a tremendous increase in drug users. Right now, drug users have fear of law enforcement agents, but if drugs were to be legalized, they no longer will have fear and will feel that it will be okay to use drugs. Over twenty years ago, estimates of drug use among Americans went as high as 24 million, but we now estimate that the number of Americans ho use illegal drugs is down to some 11 million. And a recent study done by my office shows that Americans are spending less on illegal drugs, not more. In 1993, Americans spent $49 billion on illegal drugs, down from $64 billion in 1988 (Brown 629). This decline is due to more officers on the streets and drug awareness programs. An increase in drug use will result in an increase in drug related crimes if drugs are legalized. Supporters of drug legalization believe that crime and violence would decrease if drug use was legal. Statistics tell us that almost half of those arrested for committing a crime test positive for the use of drugs at the time of their arrest. Making drugs more readily available could only propel more individuals into a life of crime and violence (Brown 629). Also drug users turn to crime to pay for their habits because they are stimulated by drugs and therefore act violently. If drug is sold legally, it will become easy for users to buy it around the corner. Thus, it will increase the already existing problem of crime. Church mentions that every year drug lords make over twenty billion dollars from cocaine and marijuana business, and legalizers believe that legalization will wipe out their major sources of funds (Church 12). However, drug use is a matter of supply and demand. As long as demand exists, someone is going to supply it, either legally or illegally. Supporters of legalization believe that if government regulate drugs such as cocaine and marijuana by imposing taxes, then the black market will be eliminated (Church 12). However, the higher the tax rate, the higher the price of the drugs, and not many users can afford to buy high priced drugs such as marijuana and cocaine. Therefore, they will have to go to drug gangs who sell marijuana and cocaine under the market price. In addition, children and teenagers will be obviously banned from purchasing marijuana and cocaine just as they are prohibited from buying beer and liquor. Nevertheless, there will be drug push ers who will continue to encourage the youngsters and try to get them hooked to marijuana and cocaine. Hence, legalization will encourage a growing criminal black market. The main benefit of marijuana legalization can be in medicine and will give patients with severe and dangerous diseases a new and effective medicine to help them. Yes, marijuana can help in medicine. â€Å"Marijuana is one of the safest therapeutically active substances known† (Nagorney 1). â€Å"One of marijuanas greatest advantages as a medicine is its remarkable safety. It has little effect on major physiological functions. Marijuana is also far less addictive and far less subject to abuse than many drugs† ( Grinspoon and Bakalar 1875). Marijuana as medicine has been studied for many years. In some cultures, it is already used as medicine. There are many good uses for marijuana to be used as medicine which will be discussed. The problem is that in order to be used in United States as medicine, mari juana must be legalized. Many doctors already recommend that their patients break the law and get marijuana. Thats because there is a very strong evidence that marijuana works as a medicine. Marijuana is often useful in the treatment of the following diseases: Cancer: Marijuana alleviates the nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite caused by the chemotherapy treatment. AIDS: Marijuana alleviates the nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite caused by the disease itself. Glaucoma: Marijuana by reducing intraocular pressure alleviates the pain and slows the progress of the disease. This disease damages vision by gradually increasing eye pressure. It is the leading cause of blindness in United States. Multiple Sclerosis: Marijuana reduces the muscle pain and spastically caused by the disease. Epilepsy: Marijuana prevents epileptic seizures in some patients and allows more fresh areas of bronchi to open up. Chronic Pain: Marijuana reduces the chronic often debilitating pain caused by a varie ty of injuries and disorders. In order to be effective, marijuana must be taken daily. It seems to be the most effective three hours after dosage, and last for five hours. Some critic contend that after taken for a period of time, the person may become tolerant to the drug and reduce effectiveness. This is true for a lot of pain relieving drugs. A person cannot rule out marijuana because it has not been proven that a person will develop tolerance. â€Å"Marijuana could benefit as many as five million patients in the United States† (Nagorney 2). This situation to many people is intolerable. Those patients who choose to stay within the law suffer and die, both from disease and from many prescription drugs that cause side effects. â€Å"Nearly all medicines have toxic, potentially lethal effects, but marijuana is not such a substance† (Nagorney 2). This successful use of marijuana has given many patients a much more positive outlook on their treatment. There is now an eno rmous amount of public support of medical marijuana. A scientific survey of oncologist (cancer specialist) found that 54% of those control medical marijuana availability and 44% have already broken the law by obtaining marijuana illegally. â€Å"Thirty-four states letting patients with certain conditions smoke dope† (Foreman 25). States such as Texas, California, Massachusetts, etc., have recognized marijuanas therapeutic potential and have passed legislation supporting its value. These reforms could be passed throughout the nation with the help of people like you. Meanwhile, the only way for patients to gain legal access to marijuana as medicine is from the doctor. The patient must get a written note from the government and participate in a special program setup for them. We know that legalization is neither a reasonable nor rational policy for this country. One of the things that bothers me most about legalization argument is the mixed message it sends to our young people. The legalization will advance a laissez-faire attitude about drugs. I believe that we must change public attitudes toward drugs and focus on prevention and treatment, but we must also maintain the laws that make drugs illegal. Some of the drugs such as marijuana and cocaine should be legalized for medical purposes. â€Å"Polls and voter referenda have repeatedly indicated that the vast majority of Americans think marijuana should be medically available† (Grinspoon and Bakalar 1875). A final important prevention strategy is to enforce the laws against illegal drugs in order to control their availability. There are many uses for marijuana, and many are unexplored. Actually some are explored in depth because of interest and others are left behind. There are probably many other uses that have not been found because of the lack of experimentation on the drug as a whole. If marijuana is legalized there will be much more research done on the drug, and hopefully the drug will begin t o be approved for use. October 13, 1997 Marijuana Mayhem Legalization of Marijuana is a problematic situation at best. Defining different instances where and when it can be used are impossible. Leaving the drug illicit is the only logical choice. Following a 13-year decline in adolescent use of marijuana, the trend began to reverse itself in the early 1990s. Since then, marijuana use among 12-17-year-olds has nearly doubled. In 1994 there were 2.9 million marijuana users in this age group. Students who smoke marijuana heavily may be limiting their ability to learn, according to a NIDA-funded study. The study found that college students who used marijuana regularly had impaired skills related to attention, memory, and learning 24 hours after they had last used the drug. The finding supports the results of previous NIDA-funded research that reported that adults who were chronic heavy marijuana users showed residual impairment in cognitive abilities a day after they had last used marijuana. â€Å"Now we know that for students who smoke marijuana heavily, the ability to learn is affected not just while they are high, but for at least a day after,† says NIDA Director Dr. Alan I. Leshner. Together with other NIDA-funded research that has shown a marked increase in daily marijuana use among young people in recent years, this finding underlines the importance of the Marijuana Use Prevention Initiative launched by Health and Human Services Secretary Dr. Donna Shalala last year, Dr. Leshner says. NIDA is playing a leading role in the initiative by providing science-based information to educate the public about the consequences of marijuana use. Regular heavy marijuana use compromises the ability to learn and remember information primarily by impairing the ability to focus, sustain, and shift attention, says Dr. Harrison Pope, Jr., of McLean Hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts, who directed the recent study. Noting that the actual ability to recall information remains relatively unaffecte d, Dr. Pope says, â€Å"If you could get heavy users to learn an item, then they could remember it; the problem was getting them to learn it in the first place.† Heavy marijuana users had more difficulty than light users in sustaining and shifting attention, and hence in registering, organizing, and using information. Heavy users exhibited these cognitive deficits by being less able than light users were to learn word lists; by making a greater number of errors in sorting cards by different characteristics, such as by color or shape; and by making more errors when the rules for sorting the cards were changed without warning. Men in the heavy users group showed somewhat greater impairment than women in the same group. While the residual cognitive impairments detected in the study were not severe, they could be significant in the day-to-day life of chronic users, Dr. Pope says. The diminished ability to pay attention and decreased mental flexibility exhibited in these tests may cause chronic marijuana users important difficulties in adapting to intellectual and interpersonal tasks, he says. â€Å"This is a fairly definitive study because it was methodologically sound and controlled for a wide number of factors, including the possible confounding effects of alcohol and other drug use,† says Dr. Jagjitsing Khalsa of NIDA’s Division of Clinical and Services Research. Previous studies have produced mixed findings about the residual effects of heavy marijuana use on neuropsychological performance, notes Dr. Khalsa. Methodological problems such as ambiguous terminology, failing to take into account cognitive differences in study participants prior to initiation of marijuana use, and failing to note the possible effect of alcohol and other drugs have raised questions about the results of many of these studies. The study by Dr. Pope and Dr. Yurgelun-Todd joins a growing body of well-controlled and well-designed studies that indicate protracted cogni tive impairment among heavy marijuana users, says Dr. Khalsa. For example, in 1993, Dr. Robert Block of the University of Iowa College of Medicine compared adult heavy marijuana users and nonusers ranging in age from 18 to 42 years who had been matched on the basis of their intellectual functioning before the onset of drug use. Subjects who used marijuana frequently — 7 or more times weekly for at least 2 years — showed deficits in mathematical skills and verbal expression and selective impairments in memory retrieval processes, the study reported. Although the two studies used different neuropsychological tests, â€Å"in general, both studies showed some impairments in cognitive abilities among heavy marijuana users,† Dr. Block says. It remains unclear whether marijuana’s short-term residual cognitive impairments are due either to a residue of the drug that remains in the brain after marijuana’s acute effects have dissipated, to a withdrawal effec t from abrupt discontinuation of the drug, or to a neurotoxic effect of the drug on brain structure or function. Research has yet to demonstrate conclusively that chronic heavy marijuana use results in cognitive deficits that persist after a prolonged period of abstinence. However, NIDA-supported animal studies do show structural damage to the hippocampus, a structure critical in learning and memory, from the principal psychoactive ingredient in marijuana. In the early 1980s, when drug smugglers plied the Caribbean with near impunity, the international effort to catch them resembled a ragtag pursuit, with scant cooperation among nations. Fast-forward to the 1990s, an era when diplomacy has allowed the U.S. Coast Guard to extend its reach into waters once considered safe havens for smugglers. Within the past year, nine of 26 Caribbean nations have signed agreements that give the Coast Guard leeway to enter foreign territorial waters to intercept U.S.-bound cocaine and marijuana shipm ents. The bilateral pacts are becoming popular among island nations eager for help against drug trafficking, two Coast Guard commanders said in a recent interview. Despite a concentration of U.S. government attention on the Southwest border, Coast Guard and Customs Service authorities say there has been little letup in air and sea traffic through the Caribbean. In the waning days of May, Coast Guard vessels plucked 1,386 pounds of cocaine floating off the coast of Punta Salinas, Puerto Rico; 636 pounds of the white powder from a 60-foot sailing vessel near the British Virgin Islands; and 3,000 pounds of marijuana from a 30-foot fishing vessel 30 miles south of Haiti. Customs, too, reported three multi-thousand-pound cocaine seizures at the Port of Miami. It was all packed in cargo from Colombia. For the Coast Guard, which has spent two centuries pursuing pirates, smugglers and blockade runners, one way of detecting the continuous northbound drug traffic has been to move ships, peopl e and planes closer to producer countries like Colombia. Among the objectives: Cut off seaborne smuggling lanes that hug coastal areas and work with foreign governments to deal with arrested traffickers. Coast Guard Cmdr. Joseph F. Ahern, an assistant legal officer, said the United States does not insist that drug suspects be shipped to an American courtroom. â€Å"We don’t demand a U.S. prosecution or the seizure of a vessel,† he said. â€Å"We ask the country what they want to do. If they want to prosecute, their nationals go back to their countries. If not, they get shipped to South Florida, where federal prosecutors and drug agents start developing cases. Ahern asserted that a maturing track record of bilateral cooperation has allayed concerns over sticky sovereignty questions. Historically, a federal law enforcement source noted last week, small countries have taken a dim view of U.S. government deployments in and around their territories without consultation. Th is remains the case. But the bilateral anti-drug agreements have been gaining acceptance since last spring. While the Coast Guard attains more latitude to operate in another country’s territorial waters, and in some cases air space, signatory countries may take advantage of training programs for their own police forces as well as professional exchange programs and joint anti-drug patrols. Under the six-part model agreement, the Coast Guard may board foreign-flag vessels, place its people aboard another country’s ships, pursue suspect vessels in another country’s territorial seas, detain suspect vessels other than those bearing a signatory’s flag, fly over another country’s territory and order suspect planes to land there. Only one country — Trinidad and Tobago — has signed the six-part deal with the overflight provision. A narrower, four-part agreement that excludes the airborne portions has been signed by eight countries. The United States is actively seeking agreements with the airborne provisions from five countries: Barbados, Colombia, Haiti, Honduras and Jamaica. The final score, including the sailboat: six vessels seized and more than 1,600 pounds of cocaine and more than 400 pounds of marijuana intercepted. California recently presented a proposition to legalize Marijuana for medical use and for necessity. Supporters of Proposition 215 say their â€Å"Compassionate Use Act† will legalize marijuana when a doctor prescribes it to ease the pain of cancer. If that were the whole truth The truth is, Prop. 215 does much more than that. Prop. 215 is dangerous. Prop. 215 makes marijuana far more accessible to children at a time when the last thing children need is greater access to drugs. When you sit down and read the initiative, you quickly see why all the old pot legalization activists are rallying around it. It isn’t cancer victims who are doing most of the talking, even in this newspaper. Using terminally ill patients as a cover, Prop. 215 is a thinly-veiled attempt to make marijuana available to everyone who wants it. Prop. 215’s most glaring problems are: No prescription required. The measure doesn’t say pot smoking is legal only when a physician prescribes it. It says a doctor’s â€Å"recommendation† may be oral, and no record keeping is necessary. Under 215, anyone can tell the cops that their doctor says pot will make them feel better, without having to produce written proof. Any excuse will do. Prop. 215 legalizes pot smoking for the treatment of â€Å"cancer, anorexia, AIDS, chronic pain, spasticity, glaucoma, arthritis, migraine, or any other illness for which marijuana provides relief.† Never mind, for a moment, that even the Yes-on-215 campaign admits â€Å"marijuana is not a cure† for any of these things. It’s the â€Å"or any other illness† phrase that is the real problem. Tell the cops you’re unde r stress and your doctor says smoking pot will help, and you’re free to smoke. No consumer protection. I’m no fan of the Food and Drug Administration, but in all the years the FDA has been around, it hasn’t found so much as a far-fetched excuse to legalize pot. Under 215, no FDA approval is required, nor is any other mechanism established to control quality or safety. If pot is indeed â€Å"just another medicine,† why treat it differently from all others? It makes sick people sicker. The American Cancer Society says pot smoking may be more cancer-causing than tobacco. It’s not about medicine. The active ingredient in marijuana, THC, is already available in the prescription drug Marinol. Kids can smoke pot, to. Prop. 215 has no age barriers. What applies to college students applies to third graders. It encourages lawbreaking. Prop. 215 exempts patients and caregivers from state laws prohibiting the cultivation of pot. It can’t exempt them fro m similar federal laws because a state law can’t override a federal law. The upshot? Prop. 215 encourages the violation of federal law, because supporters know the federal Drug Enforcement Agency doesn’t have the manpower to bust every pot grower in California. (State and local police enforce only state and local laws, which would be changed to allow cultivation.) Neighborhood greenhouses. Prop. 215 does not allow pharmacies to sell marijuana to patients. Rather, it says people who grow their own pot would not be punished under state law. Can you name one other â€Å"medicine† which the state allows you to manufacture in the comfort of your own home? Why should pot be an exception? And once your neighbors start growing it, exactly how long do you think it will take the neighbor kids to get their hands on it and start giving it to your kids? There is no requirement in 215 to grow pot in a secure location where kids can’t get at it. Good luck trying to cont rol it once it’s openly growing in your neighborhood! California’s biggest doctor group opposes 215 because no valid medical reason has been found to legalize marijuana. Law enforcement organizations oppose 215 because it would give druggies a fantastic new way to skirt the law. Anti-drug coalitions oppose 215 because it would send children a clear message that smoking pot is healthy. Proposition 215 was written by a drug dealer. Prop. 215 is financed by drug legalization activists who shamelessly seek to exploit the public’s compassion for the sick. But Prop. 215 bites off more than California can chew. Prop. 215 has side effects that go far beyond legalizing pot for medical purposes. PROP. 215 is as best the most problematic and frivolous proposition that has ever been considered! Despite its huge problems and controversies Prop. 215 passed: California Prop 215 Election Results CA Prop 215 Results with 100% Precincts Reporting YES NO Percentage: 55.7% 44.3% Co unt: 4,869,420 3,874,314 Legalization of Marijuana raises many problematic ethical and legal questions. These questions are more of a load that society can handle. Legalization would bring up issues which would create rifts in society further stratifying and stressing the already volatile social structure in the United States Today. The reasons I have shown are just the tip of the iceberg are far as problems with Marijuana. The drug has absolutely no redeeming qualities, and costs the taxpayers of this country billions of dollars a year to try and curb. If we would take a Zero-Tolerance approach and not pass laws allowing the drug in any arena it would make life much simpler, safer and more enjoyable. Works Cited R.I., and Ghoneim, M.M. Effects of chronic marijuana use on human cognition. Psychopharmacology 110:219-228, 1993. Pope, H.G., Jr.; Gruber, A.J.; and Yurgelun-Todd, D. The residual neuropsychological effects of cannabis: The current status of research. Drug and Alcohol Depe ndence 38:25-34, 1995. Pope, H.G., Jr., and Yurgelun-Todd, D. The residual cognitive effects of heavy marijuana use in college students. JAMA 275(7):521-527, 1996. Conservation EssayThe question of whether to legalize drugs or not is a very controversial and important issue. Drugs affect so many areas of society. â€Å"The U.S. population has an extremely high rate of alcohol and drug abuse† (Grolier). Several groups have formed and spoken out regarding their position. â€Å"Speaking Out Against Drug Legalization is the first step in helping to deliver the credible, consistent message about the risks and costs of the legalization of drugs to people in terms that make sense to them. The anti-legalization message is effective when communicated by representatives of the Federal Government, but takes on even more credibility when it comes from those in the community who can put the legalization debate in local perspective† (Internet). After learning about the issues regarding both sides of the argument. Drugs simply create problems which effect society in several ways. The government has made several efforts to control drugs and the ir users, however, to most the problem appears too out of hand. â€Å"Others see potential profit in legalizing drugs and still others simply believe that individual rights to take drugs should be protected. The group also acknowledged that the legalization concept appeals to people who are looking for simple solutions to the devastating problem of drug abuse† (Internet). Societys answer to the problem is to trick the drug user by giving him what he wants. People believe that making drugs legal will take away the temptation to use This idea is wrong and far from logical. If drugs are legalized then they will be more accessible to the young, addicted, and ignorant. â€Å"As a result the ready availability of addicting drugs, and as a result of their heavy use for medical problems, many individuals became addicted to the narcotics contained in these potent medicines. In fact, in 1900, there were more narcotics addicts, proportionate to the population, than there are today. At that time, most of the users who became addicts were medical addicts. Very few abusers took drugs for â€Å"recreational† purposes. In 1914, in an effort to curb the indiscriminate use of narcotics, the federal government passed the Harrison Act, making it illegal to obtain a narcotic drug without a prescription. During the 1920s the Supreme Court ruled that maintaining addicts on narcotic drugs, even by prescription, was in violation of the Harrison Act. Some 30,000 physicians were arrested during this period for dispensing narcotics, and some 3,000 actually served prison sentences. Consequently, doctors all but abandoned the treatment of addicts for nearly half a century in the United States† (Grolier). The only resulting effect will be a negative one. There are no positive aspects of putting drugs on the streets with a label reading â€Å"legal.† There are plenty of people in society that find enough trouble on their own without the help of their country. Lega lizing drugs would have a devastating result that would affect society as a whole. â€Å"Audiences need to understand that 70% of drug users are employed, and that the school bus driver who drives your children to school could smoke marijuana, that the surgeon who operates on you may have cocaine in his system, and that the driver in back of you may be on speed. The debate needs to demonstrate graphically how the common man will be impacted by drug legalization† (Internet). There is an idea that the â€Å"drug user† is a low class, unemployed junkie. This is untrue. The drug user is often a white collared worker with a family and a future. They are not all dirty with missing teeth and poor grammar. The common misconceptions of the â€Å"user† are dangerous to those members of society trying to rid the world of the problem. â€Å"Drinking on the job is a social and economic problem with a long history. With the growing popularity of illegal drugs in the 1960s an d 1970s, it was to be expected that their use in the workplace would emerge as a major issue by the 1980s. Estimates of employee drug use vary greatly, from 10 percent to 25 percent for the proportion of workers who use drugs occasionally on the job. The safe performance of some occupations among them, airline pilot, air traffic controller, truck driver, and physician can be compromised by drug use† (Grolier). One of the greatest concerns of drugs is their contribution to the crime rate. Crime will always be a problem as long as drugs exist and are abused. â€Å"One category of crime is the victimless crime, which includes drunkenness, drug addiction, prostitution and gambling. The use of the term victimless is an extremely qualified one. It refers to acts committed by consenting adults in private; the acts involve only the participants and are not harmful to others. If harm occurs; it is inflicted only upon the willing participants. Victimless crimes are often characterize d by the exchange of sought after goods and services, and they generate huge amounts of illegal income. It has been argued, however, that no crime is victimless. The drug addict suffers physical and emotional harm and often commits property crimes to obtain money for buying drugs† (Grolier). Crime too often is the result of a drug problem. The crime rate would probably lower if drugs were illegal because the drug abusers wouldnt need to steal to pay for their drugs. Legalizing drugs would just add to an already rising problem. â€Å"Compared with other countries that keep crime statistics, the United States has the highest rate per 100,000 population for reported murders, rapes, and robberies. It is important to remember, however, that the incidence of crime is influenced by such factors as industrialization, urbanization, drug and alcohol abuse, unemployment, and the availability of fire arms† (Grolier). This should be reason enough to make all drugs illegal. Legalizi ng drugs will just feed the problem that teenagers and young adults face daily. Making drugs legal makes them more conscience accessible and easier on the â€Å"The illegal use of psychoactive drugs is vast and extensive in the United States. Some 70 million Americans age 12 and over have tried at least one or more prohibited drugs for the purpose of getting high. The illegal drug trade represents an enormous economic enterprise. Sales of illegal drugs in the United States may have totaled $100 billion in 1986, more than the total net sales of the largest American corporation, and more than American farmers earned from all crops combined. About 60% of the illegal drugs sold worldwide end up in the United States† (Grolier). The problems that society already faces with the unemployed, homeless, criminals, and high school drop-out rate will simply increase. What society would want such problems to escalate. The thought of how seriously this could impact our entire nation is both ridiculous and terrifying. I strongly believe that there are a great deal of people who have not tried drugs out of fear of getting caught. If this fear were taken from them, they would probably become drug addicts. As stated by the National Commission of Marijuana and Drug Abuse, â€Å"The term abuse has no functional utility and has become no more than an arbitrary code word for that drug which is presently considered wrong† (Grolier). I believe that our country should uphold a few basic standards, and keep drugs and the problems they create out of our society. Legalization is an act of neglect and ignorance.

Protests and music of the Vietnam War

Introduction The Vietnam War was perhaps the worst war the U.S. ever took part in. The government suffered massive losses, and the war substantially tainted its image. As the war progressed, the government faced great set-backs because public were totally against the war.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Protests and music of the Vietnam War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The government had lied to the public about the intentions of the war but as the 60’s decade came to an end, war veterans brought the truth home. This was amid an announcement by President Nixon that the war had escalated to Cambodia. As the public absorbed the announcement, and the truth behind the war, they were angered by the fact that many American lives had been lost in the war, and the fact that the government was still directing young-adult males to go to Vietnam. Mass protests, that had begun earlier, increased with stud ents forming the frontline of the protesters. Anti-protest police killed and injured a number of the protesters leading to even more protests, and irresponsibility during the protests as protesters quelled their anger. These protests continued until the government made a decision to withdraw troops from the war. Music and Vietnam War The Vietnam War led to an era of music that can be associated entirely with the events of the war. Music was part of the war as soldiers used in many occasions during the war. This can even be evidenced by the number of movies produced after the Vietnam War because the movies were characterized by battle scenes that have music playing in the background. An example is the movie Forrest Gump. The troops in the Vietnam War had their own music tastes. A good example of a track that was popular among American troops is the song We Gotta Get Out of this Place. The song Happy Birthday Abey Baby also became popular during this time because of its message, which reflects the racial aspects of the Vietnam War. Another popular song was the track, â€Å"We Will All Go Down Together† (Miller 1), which is done by Billy Joel.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During the war itself, soldiers had tapes which they were fond of listening to even as they engaged in gun battles. There were a lot of references to music by the troops as the war progressed. For instance, before soldiers fired their guns, they would sometimes say that they were â€Å"ready to rock n’ roll† (Fish 1). Additionally, as bullets or missiles were fired from a helicopter, the phrase, â€Å"Puff the Magic Dragon†, was commonly used. Even more surprising is the fact that in certain areas, music would be playing from loud speakers as the combat progressed. An example of a song that was commonly played during combat is the song â€Å"Night in W hite Satin† done by Moody Blues. People who had the privilege to have been alive during the Vietnam War agree that music had a special role to play during the war period. In fact most of these people, who are grannies now, recommend several songs to anyone wishing to know what went on during the Vietnam War. They recommend that one listens to the message being passed by the artists of the time, and the deep meaning of the songs. The message in the music was that of a people desperate for peace in a war-torn world. Some of the tracks showed how the government had misrepresented its intentions in the Vietnam War, and how the public was angry towards the government’s decision to be involved in the Vietnam War (Tuso 9). It is for this reason that the 1960 decade went down in the books of performance-music history as the decade that had a record number of concerts, and number of people in concerts, in comparison with what was experienced before the decade. Effects of the mus ic The discussed anti-war music had great socio-economic and political implications for the American government, specifically in relation to decisions about the war in Vietnam.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Protests and music of the Vietnam War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The anti-war music took the American youth of the 1960’s; especially college students to a high level as far as political matters are concerned. The anti-war musicians gave clear messages to the youth of the time; that the country had gone to political dogs, and it was time the public took control of their own destiny. With time it was apparent that the young generation was very alert on political matters, and that the youth was not going to watch as the government misrepresented facts about the situation in Vietnam. Moreover, some combat veterans were already returning from the war and unearthing the government secrets a bout the intention of the war in the first place. The social climate that was created by the presence of people who knew the truth about the war, and the presence of musicians whose lyrics and music were a reflection of the collective conscience of the public, saw the end of an unjust and barbaric war, which the government had been sweeping under the carpet with the tag â€Å"police action† (Schifferes 1). Protests against the Vietnam War The Vietnam War was characterized by so many protests that it can be confidently argued that the protests marked the greatest anti-war movement in the history of the United States. The protests were sparked early in the 1960’s, during which they were based in colleges and large cities. With time, however, troops in Vietnam grew to more than half a million Americans. This was after 1964. After the increased presence of American troops in Vietnam, the public grew more restless, and protests became more serious and frequent (Sayre 1). By the close of the decade, hundreds of thousands of American citizens were protesting at various locations all over the nation. The year 1970 saw the peak of the protests as the public was angered by several attempts by the police to quell the protests. This was after four students who had been involved in a peaceful demonstration at the Ohio’s Kent State University were shot dead and other nine students injured by gunshots. These atrocities were carried out by the National Guard Troops in an attempt by the government to contain the situation created by the mass protests against the war in Vietnam.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This increased the protests, with some protests being accompanied by violence, bombings, vandalisms and arson. The students were expressing their anger towards the shedding of blood in the Kent State protest by government agents, as well as expressing their displeasure of the government’s involvement in the Vietnam War. By the end of the year 1974, American troops had been withdrawn from Vietnam, and the protests had also subsided (Miller 1). The puppet regime that was in Vietnam before the war had also collapsed, and thus the Vietnamese were no longer under foreign colonization. President Nixon had made an announcement during the last day of April in 1970 that the war had extended to the neighboring Cambodia. This was, perhaps the motivation behind the protests at Kent State. The killing of the four students, as well as the announcement that the war had escalated, led to an increase in the intensity and volume of the protests in terms of protesters. The four killed were stud ents at the Kent State University, which is based in Ohio. This was the inspiration behind the song Ohio done by Young, Crosby, Nash and Stills. During the first week of May, there was a general strike for lauding antiwar protests in Oklahoma University. Close to a thousand protesters went to the streets with one of the protesters displaying a communist flag belonging to Vietnam. He was arrested by the police under the Oklahoma law. This led to angry exchanges between the protesters and a number of police and highway patrol officers. Several protesters sustained injuries during the exchanges and other three protesters were arrested (Garrity 1). This led to mass protests by the students in response to the arrest of the student who had unfolded the Vietnam flag. This, combined with protests in other states like Ohio, created an environment that could be regarded as that of pure protests. Effects of the protests The protests that took place during the Vietnam War shaped the socio-econo mic and political set-up of the United States significantly. Prior to this, protests were being taken seriously, and the public was not properly protected against the atrocities of the police during peaceful protests. The Kent State killings, in particular, led to development of appropriate laws for freedom of expression that were tailored to ensure that the public is able to express its displeasure towards the excesses of the government, and other similar issues. Apart from this, the fact that the Vietnam War ended in the year 1974, barely a decade after the U.S. sent troops to Vietnam, can be attributed to the contribution of the public unrest. The protests had peaked in 1970 and thus the ending of the war in 1974 can be seen as an indication that the protests made a great contribution towards efforts to end the war. The protests also revealed the fact that the ultimate power of making political decisions rests on the public, but not the political class (Fish 1). This is because a ll the senators were unanimous about the decision to send troops to Vietnam. As mentioned above, the war protests led to development of a more conducive climate for expression. Thus after the war, courtesy of the protests, people had more freedom of expression than before. Relationship between music and protests Music formed a very important part of the protests that took place against the Vietnam War. Most of the music that was played during the time was a motivation for protests against the War in Vietnam. For example, the song Ohio done by Young, Crosby, Nash and Stills was used to call the public for more action after the killing of the aforementioned Kent State students. In the year 1969 the song, Fortunate Son was released by the band Creedence Clearwater. The song was a protest song dedicated to the youth who were being forced to be involved in the Vietnam War. Some of the lyrics of the song include a line that says, â€Å"It ain’t me, I ain’t no senatorâ€℠¢s son, I ain’t no fortune one† (Garrity 1). Another part of the song says, â€Å"When the band plays hail to the chief, they point the cannon at you† (Garrity 1), depicting the cruelty that the protesters were facing from the military. The songs were therefore meant to act as motivations for unrest. Music was also a consolation for the masses since they had been failed by their political representatives and thus they needed somebody with whom they shared the same sentiments. The music played during this time also had a number of cultural influences. For instance, the impact of The Beatles was so enormous that the members of the group were trendsetters for the society. For instance, they were responsible for the popularity of long hair among boys. They set a record 21 hits that topped charts during the time. This record has never been beaten by any other band. Their popularity was so great during the time that the guitar player of the group, one John Lennon, was prompted to think that his group was â€Å"more popular than Jesus† (Streich 1). Of course this statement attracted substantial outcries from religious crusaders but all he meant was that The Beatles were unimaginably popular. Conclusion As evidenced in the discussion above, the Vietnam War was characterized by the largest anti-war protests ever experienced in the history of America. These protests were mainly caused by the fact that the real reason of America’s involvement in the Vietnam War was not known to the public. The public also saw carelessness on the part of the government, and ill intentions. This was aggravated by the government’s requirement of young-adult males to be involved in the war after college in the late 1960’s. This requirement made college students to be actively involved in the protests, which saw a number of students being killed, and others injured by anti-protest police. After a number of violent incidences involving students a nd the police, specifically the Kent State shootings and protests in several other universities, the protests increased and the number of people being involved in a single episode of protests also increased. This situation continued until the U.S. government started withdrawing troops from Vietnam in the early 70’s. The Vietnam War was also characterized by great music influence. After losing confidence in the government, artists started producing songs with lyrics that were a message to either the government or the public regarding the Vietnam War. The songs therefore acted as a consolation to the masses because they no longer had confidence in their government. The influence of the anti-war music was so much that even the troops in Vietnam used phrases that were actually lines from the lyrics of certain anti-war songs. They even listened to music played via loudspeakers in some areas as they engaged in combat. However, the greatest influence of the anti-war music was the fa ct that it fuelled protests and thus acted as a motivation for revolting against the Vietnam War. All in all, anti-war music and protests remain in the minds of every American citizen who witnessed the activities of the Vietnam War. The war is mostly remembered when people reminisce about the protests or when people listen to the anti-war music. Works Cited Fish, Lydia. â€Å"Songs of Americans in the Vietnam War†. 1993. Web. Garrity, Patrick. â€Å"Music and the Remembrance of War†. 2006.  Web. Miller, John. â€Å"Vietnam War Protests†. Oklahoma Historical Society. 2009. Web. Sayre, James. â€Å"Late 1960’s and early 1970’s anti-Vietnam war protests, social and political background notes and a short discussion of some of the best rock ‘n roll music of the times†. 2008.  Web. Schifferes, Steve. â€Å"Vietnam: The Music of Protest†. 2005.  Web. Streich, Michael. â€Å"Vietnam War Protest Music†. 2010.  Web. Tuso, J oseph. Singing the Vietnam Blues: Folksongs of the American Fighter Pilot in Southeast Asia. College Station: Texas A and M Press, 1990. 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Writing introductions and endings to grab attention and leave an impression

Writing introductions and endings to grab attention and leave an impression Writing intros and endings We remember firsts and lasts much more than we remember in betweens. Most people can remember their first day at school, or what they had for dinner last night, for example. Thats why introductions and conclusions are perhaps the two most critical parts of any document. Unfortunately, theyre also often the weakest. Most people have no idea how to write an introduction that grabs the readers attention. And even more people neglect to write a conclusion altogether. But there are four basic types of intro and ending that you can use for most documents. Here are two of them. Getting started Many people follow the misguided advice to start somewhere in the middle and write the introduction last. But getting your introduction right doesnt just attract the reader, it also helps your document flow as you write. So begin writing your introduction first. One of the most effective types of introduction is the historical beginning. This type of introduction contrasts what used to happen last year/century or whenever with whats happening now, and creates a real sense of movement in your readers mind. For example: Ten years ago, the marketing budget was 3 million a year. Now that figure has almost tripled. Now youve got your readers attention, theyll almost certainly be eager to know why the budget has increased so much. Start telling them, and theyre hooked. Closure The conclusion is your opportunity to leave a lasting impression and keep what youve written in the readers mind. One good way to do this is to look forward, or predict the future. For example: The annual report shows that growth has been steady, but sales still need to improve for the upturn to continue. You can find out more about effective intros and endings on an Emphasis in-company or public course. Or you can email to ask us about how we can help your organisation. Back to High-impact business writing course.

Discrimination and Prejudice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Evelyn Hooker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evelyn Hooker - Essay Example was that gays and lesbians are essentially maladjusted persons who need the help of society to be re-integrated and to have normal lives like most people. Her personal and professional life was influenced to a big extent by her mentor with name of Prof. Karl Muenzinger who encouraged her to pursue further studies on behaviorism, in particular the sub-topic of homosexuality. Her interest in this particular subject was due to her making friends with one of her students (name was Mr. Sam From) who was homosexual and challenged her to study him and other homosexuals to disprove commonly-held notions. Her various experiments disproved homosexuals as socially maladjusted people; her studies in effect showed this group to be well adjusted socially no different from the general population. Her studies were used by the gay rights movement to promote their own advocacies. Her personal life starting from her high school years, through college, to the masters program and eventually, the doctorate program influenced her research work because she saw all these as a way to get out of poverty and the drudgery of house work. She was quite lucky to be acquainted with professors who encouraged her to do groundbreaking research work but by her own admission, she did the research more out of curiosity and empathy. Her anonymous fellowship for a year of study in Europe gave her valuable insights to the events happening there at that time, specifically the persecution of the Jewish people at the hands of Hitler and Nazi Germany. She further traveled to Russia at around this time also and saw with her own eyes and through direct experience social injustices such as the rampant and overt discrimination against certain ethnic minorities. This gave her impetus to focus her studies on clinical psychology which gave birth to her almost exclusive concentration on the study of homosexuality in which this group of people are discriminated against as deviants. A turning point in her career

Book and Grade Level Essay Example for Free

Book and Grade Level Essay Tuesday: Hats ON for Reading Wear your favorite hat to show your reading spirit. Wednesday: Reading Takes You Places Dress like a Tourist. â€Å"Name that Book Trivia† Every hour an excerpt from a book will be read over the intercom and classrooms will have the opportunity to guess the book. Thursday: Reading BRIGHTENS your World – Dress in bright colors. Friday: Wear your shades for SURFF day Silent, Uninterrupted Reading For Fun! Each grade level will determine how they choose to participate in Literacy Week. Here are some suggestions; of course your grade level team can come up with your own ideas: * Decorate the outside of your door with your favorite book or literary characters. The emphasis is on student participation and student decorated doors. * Book Talks. Students can write Book Talk reviews for books they are reading. * Character Museums. Students can create posters of a book character with face cut-outs. The student places their face in the opening and holds the poster up to create a character museum. Visitors tour the museum and travel from character to character learning about each book. * â€Å"Book, Blankets and Bears† – Students bring their favorite blanket, and stuffed animal to read outside during the day. * â€Å"Poem in your Pocket† Students create a poem and recite them to each other throughout the day. * â€Å"The Book Swap† – Students bring in a gently used book to swap with another student in their class or grade level. * Reader’s Theater. * Book Chain – Students fill out a strip of paper with a title of each book they read during celebrate literacy week. * Bookmark decorating contest * Create a book jacket. Use paper bags to make a new book cover for a library book. Mrs. Ward will put them on display. * Story mobile to retell a favorite book. * Tri-oramas representing the beginning, middle and end of a story. * Character dress up day. Dress up as your favorite book character. * Book Buddy collaborative activities.